MacOS Sierra 10.12
you can download MacOS Sierra 6.68 Gb size from the below link for your Hackintosh installing.
Kext file (37.44 Mb) : click here to download
Uniteast : click here to download
Sunday, December 18, 2016
MacOS Sierra
you can download MacOS Sierra 6.68 Gb size from the below link for your Hackintosh installing.
Unformat Pro
Unformat Pro
this application is very important for recoverying all data delete from your hard disk ,hdd,usb flash drive,external hard drive ,and large HDDs
it supports for exFAT, Apple HFS+ & Linux ExtFS file systems recovery.
Other link Dowload
Speedify
Speedify
Speedify is the application can boost your network connection better and faster with integrate many type of connection
New version :Download 1
Old Version : Download 2
Power DVD 16
Power DVD 16 Ultra Version
It is the best DVD Player for you and provide clear HD picture for watching
-->>Download
Password : leviatanTop
Wednesday, December 7, 2016
Microsoft Excel 2016 Text book
Microsoft Excel 2016 Text book
This Text book is create by Mr. Kimtong Meng ,which just for teaching for short period.
Download
Thursday, November 24, 2016
Microsoft Word TextBook
This Textbook is compiled in easy to understand for all Cambodian people to learn Microsoft word by themselve.
Friday, July 8, 2016
UTorrent
UTorrent
>>>Download
The features which are present in other BitTorrent clients are here in µTorrent, including scheduling, bandwidth prioritization, RSS auto-downloading and compatibility with BitComet-Mainline DHT. µTorrent also supports peer exchange and the Protocol Encryption joint specification (compatible with Vuze / Azureus 2.4.0.0 and above and BitComet 0.63 and above).
Unlike many other torrent clients available, µTorrent does not eat away at valuable system resources; in fact, the program typically runs on approx. 6MB of memory. µTorrent is contained within a single executable file, smaller than 1 MB.
Friday, June 3, 2016
Prey Veng Provincial Administration
Prey Veng Provincial Administration
រដ្ឋបាលខេត្តព្រៃវែង
| ខេត្តព្រៃវែង (Prey Veng) | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| កូអរដោនេ: 11°29′N 105°20′E កូអរដោនេ: 11°29′N 105°20′E | |
| ប្រទេស |  កម្ពុជា |
| ទីរួមខេត្ត | ក្រុងព្រៃវែង |
| ផ្ទៃក្រឡា | |
| • សរុប | ៤៨៨៣ គម២ (១៨៨៥ ម៉ាយ ការ) |
| ប្រជាជន (2008) | |
| • សរុប | ៩៤៧៣៥៧ |
| • សន្ទភាព | ១៩០/គម២ (៥០០/ម៉ាយ ការ) |
| ល្វែងម៉ោង | UTC+07 |
| Dialing code | +855 |
| ក្រមអ.ម.អ. ៣១៦៦ | KH-14 |
| ស្រុក | 12 |
| ឃំុ | 116 |
| ភូមិ | 1139 |
មាតិកា
- ១ ផ្ទៃដី
- ២ ចំនួនប្រជាជន
- ៣ បំណែងចែករដ្ឋបាល
- ៤ ស្រុក
- ៥ តំបន់ទេសចរណ៍
- ៦ សេដ្ឋកិច្ច
- ៧ អត្ថបទផ្សេងទៀត
- ៨ តំណភ្ជាប់ក្រៅ
- ៩ ឯកសារពិគ្រោះ
ផ្ទៃដី
ផ្ទៃដី សរុបគឺ ប្រហែល ៤៨៨៣ គម² ដែលស្មើទៅនិង ២,៧០% នៃផ្ទៃដីសរុបនៃប្រទេសកម្ពុជា (១៨១ ០៣៥ គម²), ដែលក្នុងនោះ ៤៤៥,១៨ គម² ឬ ៩,១២% ជាផ្ទៃដី ដែលប្រជាជន បានតាំងទីលំនៅ, ៣១០០ គម² ឬ ៦៣,៤៩% ជាដី សំរាប់កសិកម្ម, ១៩៤,៦១ គម² ឬ ៣,៩៩% ជាផ្ទៃនៃតំបន់ ព្រៃឈើ, ១០៨២,៨៦ គម² ឬ ២២,១៨% ជាដី សាធារណៈ, ហេដ្ឋារចនាសម្ព័ន និង ធារាសាស្រ្ត, និង នៅសល់ ៦០,៣៥ គម² ឬ១,២៤% ជា ដី មិនត្រូវបានប្រើប្រាស់ ។ចំនួនប្រជាជន
ចំនួន ប្រជាជនសរុបគឺ ១ ០២៥ ៣៣១ ឬ ៧,៦៤% នៃចំនួនប្រជាជនសរុបនៃប្រទេសកម្ពុជា ១៣ ៤១៣ ៨៩២ នាក់ (២០០១, ទិន្នន័យខេត្ត) ជាមួយនឹងកំនើនប្រជាជន ចំនួន ២,៤០%, ដែលក្នុងនោះ ៤៨៣ ៧៥៩ នាក់ ឬ ៤៧,១៨% ជាបុរស និង ៥៤១ ៥៧២ នាក់ ឬ៥២,៨២% ជានារីភេទ ។ នៅក្នុងចំនួនខាងលើនេះដែរ ៨២៥ ៨១៨ នាក់ ឬ ៨០,៥៤% ជាកសិករ, ១៤០ ៦៨៥នាក់ ឬ ១៣,៧២% ជាអ្នករកត្រី, ៤៤ ៥៦១ នាក់ ឬ ៤,៣៥% ជាអ្នកជួញ, ១៤ ២៦៧ នាក់ ឬ១,៣៩% ជា អ្នកធ្វើការ រាជការ។ដង់ស៊ីតេជាមធ្យមនៃខេត្តនេះ គឺ ២០៩,៩៨ នាក់ ក្នុងមួយគីឡូម៉ែតការ៉េ ។
បំណែងចែករដ្ឋបាល
ខេត្តនេះត្រូវបានបែងចែកជា ១២ ស្រុក ក្នុងនោះ រួមមាន ១១៦ ឃុំ ១១៣៩ ភូមិ៖ស្រុក
- ១៤០១ ក្រុងព្រៃវែង
- ១៤០២ ស្រុកកំចាយមារ
- ១៤០៣ ស្រុកកំពង់ត្របែក
- ១៤០៤ ស្រុកកញ្ច្រៀច
- ១៤០៥ ស្រុកមេសាង
- ១៤០៦ ស្រុកពាមជរ
- ១៤០៧ ស្រុកពាមរ
- ១៤០៨ ស្រុកពារាំង
- ១៤០៩ ស្រុកព្រះស្ដេច
- ១៤១០ ស្រុកស្វាយអន្ទរ
- ១៤១១ ស្រុកបាភ្នំ
- ១៤១២ ស្រុកស៊ីធរកណ្ដាល
- ១៤១៣ ស្រុកពោធិរៀង
តំបន់ទេសចរណ៍
- រមណីយដ្ឋាននគរភ្នំ : រមណីយដ្ឋានគំរូស្ថិតនៅក្នុងស្រុកបាភ្នំ គឺជារមណីស្ថានមួយដែលមានទេសចរជាច្រើនមកពីតំបន់ផ្សេងៗ ជួបជុំគ្នាដើម្បីប្រារព្ធធ្វើពិធីសាសនាតាមលទ្ធិព្រាហ្មណ៍មួយ គឺ បុណ្យឡើង អ្នកតាមេសរ ដែលមានរយៈពេល ៣ ថ្ងៃ ។ ប្រជាជនតែងប្រារព្ធធ្វើបុណ្យឡើង អ្នកតាមេសរ រៀងរាល់ឆ្នាំ ព្រោះពិធីនេះគឺជាទំនៀមទម្លាប់មានតាំងពីបុរាណ ។ ប្រជាជនខ្មែរតែងនាំគ្នាប្រារព្ធធ្វើពិធីនេះដើម្បីរំលឹក គុណបុព្វបុរស ដើម្បីសុំសេចក្ដីសុខ សុំទឹកភ្លៀង និង ជាពិសេសដើម្បីសុំអ្នកតាមេសរជួយការពារសុវត្ថិភាព និង សន្តិសុខជូនប្រជាជន ។
- ប្រាសាទព្រះវិហារច័ន្ទ : ស្ថិតនៅក្នុងស្រុកបាភ្នំ ។
- ទំនប់ស្នេហ៍ : ស្ថិតនៅក្នុងស្រុកបាភ្នំ ប៉ុន្តែទីនេះមិនទាន់មានការរៀបចំកែច្នៃឲ្យក្លាយទៅជា រមណីស្ថានគួរជាទីទាក់ចិត្តនៅឡើយទេ ។
- មជ្ឈមណ្ឌលភ្ញាស់កូនត្រីពូជភូមិបាទី : ឃុំពាមរក៍ ស្រុកពាមរក៍ ។
- បូជនីយដ្ឋានបារាយអណ្តែត : ភូមិបារាយណ៍អណ្តែត ឃុំបារាយណ៍ ស្រុកកំពង់លាវ ។
- វាលចុងម៉ម : ភូមិលេខ១ ឃុំកំពង់លាវ ស្រុកកំពង់លាវ ។
- ប្រាសាទព្រៃដើមស្រុក : ឃុំព្រៃទទឹង ឃុំព្រៃចង្ក្រាន ស្រុកស៊ីធរកណ្តាល ។
- វិស័យឧស្សាហកម្ម :
- វិស័យទេសចរណ៍ : មានតែ ២ ស្រុកប៉ុណ្ណោះដែលប្រជាជននៅក្នុងខេត្តនេះទាញប្រយោជន៍ពីវិស័យ ទេសចរណ៍ គឺទីប្រជុំជន ឃុំព្រែកខ្សាយ "ខ" ស្រុកពាមរក៍ និង ទីរួមខេត្តស្រុកកំពង់លាវ ។
សេដ្ឋកិច្ច
រាល់ ឆ្នាំខេត្តព្រៃវែងទទួលដីភក់ដែលទន្លេ ស្ទឹង និង ព្រែកមួយចំនួននាំយកមកចាក់ក្នុងស្រែចម្ការនានានៅក្នុងរដូវ វស្សា ដូច្នោះហើយទើបធ្វើឲ្យតំបន់នេះមានជីជាតិល្អងាយស្រួលដាំដុះ ស្រូវនិងដំណាំផ្សេងៗនៅក្នុងវិស័យកសិកម្ម និង ប្រមូលជលផលផ្សេងៗ ។ ខេត្តនេះត្រូវបានទទួលស្គាល់ជាទូទៅថាជា "ខ្សែក្រវាត់បៃតងធំ" នៃប្រទេសកម្ពុជា ។ ធញ្ញជាតិសំខាន់ជាងគេរបស់ខេត្តព្រៃវែងគឺស្រូវ ដែលខេត្តនេះចូលរួមចំនួន ១០ ភាគរយនៃផលិតផលស្រូវសរុបរបស់ប្រទេស ។ លើសពីនោះទៀត ប្រជាកសិករនៅក្នុងខេត្តព្រៃវែងក៏ប្រមូលផលថ្នាំជក់ សណ្តែកបាយ ស្ករអំពៅ ស្ករត្នោត ដំឡូងឈើ (ដំឡូងមី ឬ ដំឡូងបារាំង) ល្ង និង ផ្លែឈើច្រើនប្រភេទទៀត ដូចជា ដូង ស្វាយ ស្វាយចន្ទី ។ កាលពីអតីតកាល ដើមកៅស៊ូក៏បានដើរតួសំខាន់ផងដែរនៅក្នុងសេដ្ឋកិច្ចនៃខេត្តនេះ ក៏ប៉ុន្តែចម្ការកៅស៊ូត្រូវបានបោះបង់ចោលនៅក្នុងសម័យសង្គ្រាម បង្ហូរឈាមជាច្រើនទសវត្សកន្លងទៅ ។ ទោះបីខេត្តនេះពឹងផ្អែកយ៉ាងខ្លាំងលើវិស័យកសិកម្មក៏ដោយ ក៏ខេត្តនេះនៅតែជាខេត្តក្រីក្រជាងខេត្តដទៃទៀតនៅក្នុងប្រទេស កម្ពុជា ។ អត្រានៃប្រជាជនរស់នៅក្រោមខ្សែបន្ទាត់ក្រីក្រ គឺជាមធ្យមប្រហែល ៥៣ ភាគរយ ពោលគឺ ៣៦ ភាគរយក្រោមខ្សែបន្ទាត់នៃភាពក្រីក្រទូទាំងប្រទេស ។ លើសពីនោះទៀត តួលេខនៃប្រជាជនចូលមករស់នៅក្នុងខេត្តគឺធ្លាក់ចុះយ៉ាងច្រើន បានន័យថាចំនួនប្រជាជនចាកចេញពីខេត្តព្រៃវែងកាន់តែកើនឡើងរាល់ ឆ្នាំ ព្រោះពួកគេធ្វើចំណាកស្រុកទៅរស់នៅតាមខេត្តក្រុងផ្សេងៗដើម្បី ប្រកបរបរចិញ្ចឹមជីវិត ។ផ្សារផ្សោសំខាន់ៗនានានៅក្នុងខេត្តព្រៃវែងមានដូចជា ៖
1.
កញ្ជ្រៀច
2.
កន្ទួត
3.
កអណ្ដើក
4.
កំចាយមារ
5.
កំពង់ត្របែក
6.
កំពង់សិង្ហ
7.
ក្របៅ
8.
ច្រេះ
9.
ជើងទឹក
10.
ឈើកាច់
11.
ទ្រា
12.
បន្ទាយចក្រី
13.
បាភ្នំ
14.
បេងបុរី
15.
ពាមុន្ទារ
16.
ព្រៃវែង
17.
ភូមិរោង
18.
មេសាង
19.
ល្វា
20.
សាលាឃុំ
21.
ស្នាយពល
22.
ស្នេហ៍
23.
ស្វាយសុខា
24.
ស្វាយអន្ទរ
25.
ស្វាយអាង៉ោង
26.
អ្នកលឿង
27.
អ្នកលឿងក្រោម
Sunday, May 8, 2016
economic diversification
The Explanation of the term "economic diversification" in Khmer
តើពាកថារ ពិពិធកម្មសេដ្ឋកិច្ច មានន័យថាដូចម្តេច?
បច្ចេកស័ព្ទសេដ្ឋកិច្ចថ្មីមួយដែលមានឈ្មោះថា «ពិពិធកម្មសេដ្ឋកិច្ច»។ ពិពិធកម្មជាការពង្រីកមុខព្រួញសេដ្ឋកិច្ច ឬពង្រីកមុខរបរក្នុងវិស័យធុរកិច្ច ដើម្បីព្យាយាមទាញផលចំណេញជាអតិបរមាទៅតាមលទ្ធភាពដែលអាចធ្វើបាន។ ឧទាហរណ៍ ប្រសិនបើគេនិយាយអំពីពិពិធកម្មនៅក្នុងមុខរបររកស៊ីក្នុងក្របខ័ណ្ឌបុគ្គល ឬក្របខ័ណ្ឌឯកជន មានន័យថាជាការពង្រីកមុខរបររកទទួលទានឲ្យច្រើនសម្បូរបែប។ បុគ្គលម្នាក់ដែលធ្វើពិពិធកម្មមុខរបរគឺគាត់មានមុខរបរច្រើនមុខ។
ងាកមកពិពិធកម្មក្នុងក្របខ័ណ្ឌសេដ្ឋកិច្ចជាតិវិញម្ដង។ ពិពិធកម្មសេដ្ឋកិច្ចជាការរិះរកវិធីពង្រីកសក្ដានុពលសេដ្ឋកិច្ចជាតិលើច្រើនវិស័យ។ ប្រទេសមួយមានយុទ្ធសាស្ត្រអភិវឌ្ឍសេដ្ឋកិច្ចទៅតាមធនធានដែលមាន។ ឧទាហរណ៍ ប្រទេសដែលមានប្រេងឆៅច្រើនក្នុងដី គេវាយលុកលើវិស័យប្រេង – ប្រទេសដែលមានធនធានមនុស្ស និងធនធានធម្មជាតិ គេវាយលុកខាងវិស័យកសិកម្ម ឧស្សាហកម្ម។ល។ ក្រៅពីនេះ ប្រទេសដែលមានចំណុចខ្សោយខាងវិស័យអ្វីមួយ ក៏គេព្យាយាមពង្រីកសក្ដានុពលរបស់គេនៅក្នុងវិស័យនោះទៀត។ ឧទាហរណ៍ បណ្ដាប្រទេសនៅមជ្ឈិមបូព៌ា ដែលមានប្រេងឆៅច្រើន ប៉ុន្តែលក្ខណៈភូមិសាស្ត្រមិនអំណោយផលខាងវិស័យកសិកម្ម។ គេមានផែនការណ៍វិនិយោគនៅក្នុងប្រទេសដែលសម្បូរដីដាំដំណាំ ឬមិនដូច្នេះទេ អ្នកវិនិយោគធំៗរបស់ប្រទេសទាំងនោះ ទៅបណ្ដាក់ទុននៅប្រទេសដទៃទៀត ដើម្បីរិះរកវិធីបង្កើនប្រាក់ចំណូលជូនជាតិ។
និយាយរួម ពិពិធកម្ម បើនិយាយក្នុងក្របខ័ណ្ឌសេដ្ឋកិច្ចឯកជន មានន័យថាជាការពង្រីកមុខរបរឲ្យកាន់តែច្រើន ដើម្បីពង្រីកប្រាក់ចំណូល។ បើគេនិយាយក្នុងក្របខ័ណ្ឌជាតិ ពិពិធកម្មសេដ្ឋកិច្ចគឺជាការរិះរកវិធីអភិវឌ្ឍសេដ្ឋកិច្ចជាតិឲ្យមានសម្ទុះកាន់តែខ្លាំង តាមរយៈការពង្រីកមុខព្រួញសេដ្ឋកិច្ចលើច្រើនវិស័យ បន្ថែមលើវិស័យសក្ដានុពលដែលមានស្រាប់។ ឧទាហរណ៍ ប្រទេសមួយរីកចម្រើនខាងវិស័យកសិកម្ម ទេសចរណ៍។ល។ ប៉ុន្តែនៅខ្សោយខាងឧស្សាហកម្ម ឬធនធានមនុស្ស។ គេត្រូវពង្រីកវិស័យនោះឲ្យខ្លាំងថែមទៀត ដើម្បីស្រូបទាញប្រាក់ចំណូលយកមកលើកស្ទួយវិស័យសេដ្ឋកិច្ចជាតិ។
ពិពិធកម្មសេដ្ឋកិច្ច (economic diversification) ជាកត្តាសំខាន់នៅក្នុងការអភិវឌ្ឍសេដ្ឋកិច្ចរយៈពេលវែង (long-term)។ គេសង្កេតឃើញថាប្រទេសដែលមានធនធានច្រើនស្ដុកស្ដម្ភ នៅតែអាស្រ័យមួយផ្នែកធំលើប្រាក់ចំណូលដែលបានពីការយករ៉ែមានតម្លៃ ឬចំណូលពីប្រេង។ កត្តាពឹងផ្អែកតែលើធនធានធម្មជាតិរបៀបនេះ វាមិនអាចធ្វើឲ្យប្រទេសមួយរីកចម្រើនជានិច្ចនិរន្តនោះទេ ត្បិតអីធនធានធម្មជាតភាគច្រើនសុទ្ធតែជាធនធានដែលរីងស្ងួត មិនមែនជាប្រភពធនធានកកើតឡើងវិញនោះទេ (renewable energy)។ ជាញឹកញាប់ណាស់ ប្រទេសជាច្រើនមិនមានកម្មវិធីច្បាស់លាស់ដើម្បីធ្វើពិពិធកម្មសេដ្ឋកិច្ច ចំណែកអ្នកដាក់ចេញផែនការណ៍អភិវឌ្ឍ ក៏មិនសូវយល់ថាស្អីទៅជាពិពិធកម្មសេដ្ឋកិច្ច ហើយតើវាមានសារសំខាន់យ៉ាងដូចម្ដេចខ្លះ? មនុស្សភាគច្រើនមិនយល់ទេអំពីបញ្ហានេះ។ កុំសូម្បីនិយាយត្រឹមមនុស្សទូទៅ សូម្បីតែអ្នកជំនាញខ្លះក៏នៅតែមិនទាន់យល់បញ្ហានេះឲ្យបានស៊ីជម្រៅ និងអស់អាចម៍អស់នោមនៅឡើយដែរ។
មានកត្តាមួយចំនួនដែលអាចធ្វើឲ្យប្រទេសមួយយកទ្រឹស្ដីពិពិធកម្មសេដ្ឋកិច្ចទៅអនុវត្តហើយទទួលបានជោគជ័យ។ កត្តាទាំងនោះមានដូចជា ៖ ១- ឆន្ទៈ និងការប្ដេជ្ញាចិត្តក្នុងការអនុវត្តផែនការណ៍ពិពិធកម្ម ២- នយោបាយម៉ាក្រូសេដ្ឋកិច្ចច្បាស់លាស់ ៣- ការវិនិយោគលើប្រព័ន្ធហេដ្ឋារចនាសម្ព័ន្ធរូបវន្ត ប្រព័ន្ធចែកចាយអគ្គិសនី ប្រព័ន្ធផ្គត់ផ្គង់ទឹកស្អាត ប្រព័ន្ធទូរគមនាគមន៍។ល។ កត្តាទាំងនេះត្រូវតែមានជាចាំបាច់ ជាមុនសិន ទើបគេអាចយកកម្មវិធីពិពិធកម្មសេដ្ឋកិច្ចទៅអនុវត្តប្រកបដោយជោគជ័យ។ បើគ្មានតម្រូវការជាមូលដ្ឋាន (basic requirements) ទាំងនេះទេ គេមិនអាចអនុវត្តពិពិធកម្មដោយរលូនបានឡើយ។
ខាងក្រោមនេះ ជាឧទាហរណ៍ខ្លះៗ ដែលបណ្ដាប្រទេសមួយចំនួននៅលើពិភពលោកបានយកទ្រឹស្ដីពិពិធកម្មសេដ្ឋកិច្ចទៅអនុវត្ត ហើយដែលប្រទេសដទៃអាចយកមកសិក្សាដកពិសោធន៍ ៖
១- ប្រទេសបូលីវី (Bolivia)
ថ្វីត្បិតប្រទេសនៅអាមេរិកឡាទីន ឬអាមេរិកខាងត្បូង ប្រទេសនេះបានអនុម័តនីតិវិធីជាច្រើនដើម្បីពង្រីកមុខព្រួញសេដ្ឋកិច្ចបន្ថែមពីលើវិស័យប្រេង ឧស្ម័ន និងរ៉ែដែលមានស្រាប់។ ប៉ុន្តែខ្លួននៅខ្វះខាតវិធានសម្រាប់កិច្ចប្រតិបត្តិ ដែលមានន័យថាមានតែច្បាប់នៅលើក្រដាស ប៉ុន្តែខ្វះការអនុវត្តក្នុងជីវិតជាក់ស្ដែង។ នេះជាចំណុចទីមួយ រីឯចំណុចមួយទៀត រដ្ឋខ្វះថវិកា។ កត្តាទាំងនេះបន្ទច់បង្អាក់ពិពិធកម្ម។
២- ប្រទេសឥណ្ឌូណេស៊ី (Indonesia)
ឥណ្ឌូណេស៊ី បើចង់ពង្រឹងពិពិធកម្មសេដ្ឋកិច្ច ត្រូវតែសម្រួលឲ្យដំណើរការក្នុងវិស័យធុរកិច្ច និងវិនិយោគប្រព្រឹត្តទៅដោយរលូន (smooth) ៖ ពង្រឹងវិស័យធនធានមនុស្ស កែលម្អប្រព័ន្ធហេដ្ឋារចនាសម្ព័ន្ធរូបវន្ត (physical infrastructure) កាត់បន្ថយរបៀបធ្វើការបែបការិយាល័យនិយម (bureaucracy) ដែលទម្លាប់អនុវត្តនីតិវិធីស្មុគស្មាញ។ល។
៣- ប្រទេសអេក្វាឌ័រ (Ecuador)
អេក្វាឌ័រស្ថិតនៅអាមេរិកឡាទីន។ ប្រទេសនេះបានអនុវត្តពិពិធកម្មលើការនាំទំនិញចេញ ហើយទទួលបានជោគជ័យដោយផ្នែក។ ភាពជោគជ័យនេះដោយសារគោលនយោបាយផ្សព្វផ្សាយ និងបញ្ជ្រាបគំនិតគាំទ្រការនាំទំនិញចេញ។ ប្រសិនបើគេនិយាយអំពីទំហំប្រាក់ចំណូលពីការនាំចេញវិញ ឃើញថានៅមានកម្រិតទាបនៅឡើយ។ រីឯមុខទំនិញទៀតសោត នៅមានចំនួនតិចតួច៕
Friday, May 6, 2016
Limited WiFi connection Internet
Limited WiFi connection in Windows 10 and Windows 8.1
Here is the steps that I have done successfully in my Computer with Windows 10I have tried these steps many times .Don't forget reboot or Shutdown your pc after completed these steps.
How to fix problems with limited connection
Step 1
-Press Window Key +R to show Run-Type Devmgmt.msc then click OK to show device manager
-Find your networking device, right click on it and click Disable /Uninstall
-Restart your computer
After rebooting ,The network connection will be back to normal.
If This solution doesn't work follow the step 2.
Step 2:
-Open Command Prompt As Administrator by press window key + X
-Enter the following each line and press Enter :
netsh int tcp set heuristics disabled
netsh int tcp set global autotuninglevel=disabled
netsh int tcp set global rss=enabled
netsh int tcp show global
-Then reboot your PC
your network will be like the follow picture (Successful Connection)
Step 3
-Run command prompt (Admin) with the following commands:netsh winsock reset catalog (Reset WINSOCK entries to installation defaults)
netsh int ipv4 reset reset.log (Reset IPv4 TCP/IP stack to installation defaults)
-Reboot the computer.
Wednesday, April 27, 2016
1991 Paris Peace Agreements
Framework for a Comprehensive Political Settlement of the Cambodia Conflict
Summary:
The Comprehensive Cambodian Peace Agreement commonly referred to as the Paris Agreement is comprised of 4 Parts signed the 23 of October 1991 ending the conflict in Cambodia. This Comprehensive Agreement consists of :
PARIS, 23 OCTOBER 1991
TABLE OF CONTENTS
The situation in Cambodia was first considered by the United Nations Security early in 1979. Later in the same year, the General Assembly considered the question at its regular session and adopted the first in a long series of resolutions on the subject. One of the provisions of that and succeeding resolutions requested the Secretary-General to follow the situation closely and to exercise his good offices in order to contribute to a peaceful solution to the problem. Another provision welcomed the efforts begun by the Secretary-General to coordinate relief assistance to the Cambodia people, assistance which, over the years, has now amounted to more than a billion dollars.
GOOD OFFICES
A few months following the International Conference on Kampuchea, convened in New York from 13 to 17 July 1981 by the General Assembly, Secretary-General Javier Pe’rez de Cuellar renewed the offer of good offices. He requested his Special Representative for Humanitarian Affairs in South-East Asia, Rafeeuddin Ahmed, to establish contacts with the principal countries concerned in order to assess the positions of the parties and encourage, through dialogue, the gradual reconciliation of viewpoints. Accordingly, Mr. Ahmed undertook a mission in February and March 1982 to consult with Governments in the region and to encourage them to consider the convening of a limited international conference to bring together the parties, regional countries concerned and the five permanent members of the Security Council. At the same time, the Secretary-General continued his own contacts with Governments, both at United Nations Headquarters and at capitals around the world. He reported to the General Assembly at its thirty-seventh session in 1982 that only a comprehensive political solution, achieved through genuine negotiations, would ultimately bring peace. He reiterated his determination to continue to exercise his good offices and to assist all parties concerned in the search for a negotiated settlement.
On the Secretary-General’s behalf, Mr. Ahmed visited the region many times over the years; in 1985, the Secretary-General himself did so. On the basis of his discussions, the Secretary-General was able to identify a number of objectives on which there seemed to be a degree of convergence. He listed these points in his reports to the General Assembly at its fortieth session in 1985, thus recording for the first time the maim elements of a comprehensive political settlement. His efforts over the next three years centred on identifying the circumstances in which these objective might be achieved.
In December 1987, Prince Norodom Sihanouk and Mr. Hun Sen met for the first time in France, and a month later held a second round of talks. Following the initiation of this dialogue, the Secretary-General decided in June 1988 to ask his Special Representative to travel to South-East Asia to relay to the four Cambodian parties and concerned Governments of the region certain concrete ideas which might serve as a framework for a comprehensive settlement plan. The proposals put forward by the Secretary-General elaborated the objectives he had identified in 1985 and proposed integration of the various elements into a comprehensive scheme leading to the establishment of an independent, neutral and non-aligned Cambodian state. In particular, the framework provided for an overall timeframe for a cease-fire and the withdrawal of all foreign forces from Cambodia, the disposition of the Cambodian armed elements, self-determination through free and fair general elections and the formation of a national reconciliation administration in Cambodia pending those elections, all with international supervision and verification; the repatriation and reintegration of refugees and displaced persons; and the implementation of measures, including a human rights education programme, to ensure the non-return to policies and practices of the past. In addition, the Secretary-General foresaw the provision of international guarantees for a settlement, and the launching of a programme for the rehabilitation and reconstruction of Cambodia. The Secretary-General clarified that this integrated approach was intended only as a focus for dialogue between the parties concerned, and that he was prepared to explore any other avenue to hasten a peaceful, just and lasting solution.
Following the Secretary-General’s proposals, the process of dialogue and negotiation gathered momentum, The first face-to-face talks between all four Cambodian parties took place on the occasion of the Jakarta Informal Meeting (JIM), hosted by Indonesia, in July 1988. Representative of Vietnam, the Lao people’s Democratic Republic and the Association of South-East Asian Nations were also invited. A second JIM was held in February 1989. Among the items discussed was the general understanding that an international control mechanism should play a role in supervising and controlling the implementation of any agreements reached by the parties. All four Cambodian parties again participated in talks held in Paris in July 1989, on the eve of the Paris Conference of Cambodia.
PARIS CONFERENCE ON CAMBODIA
Eighteen countries and the Cambodian parties attended the Conference, held from 30 July to 30 August 1989 at the initiative of France. The French and the Indonesian Foreign Minister acted as co-Presidents. Also participating in his official capacity was the Secretary-General of the United Nations. Addressing the opening session, the Secretary-General noted that, while the principle objectives of such a settlement was accepted by all, some significant substantive differences remained to be resolved. He subsequently put forward a number of working documents designed to facilitate bridging those differences. In particular, he addressed the military aspects in some detail, outlined the steps necessary for internationally supervised elections, put forward a proposal for the repatriation of refugees and displaced persons and outlined what the United Nations could do for the rehabilitation and reconstruction of Cambodia at the appropriate time. In addition, he pointed out that further information on the situation inside Cambodia would be necessary for the deployment of an international control mechanism, and that a fact-finding mission would go to Cambodia to gather the necessary technical information. The Conference agreed, and a mission was dispatched by the Secretary-General to visit the area from 6 to 19 August 1989.
When the Conference was suspended on 30 August, the concluding statement noted that, while progress had been made in elaborating a wide variety of elements, a comprehensive settlement had not yet been achieved. The Secretary-General, in his report to the forty-fourth session of the General Assembly in October 1989, pointed out that the most important outstanding issue was national reconciliation. To begin to resolve this issue, viable administrative arrangements had to be made for the transition period leading to free, fair and internationally supervised elections. Other details remained to be worked out as well. A firm basis for the negotiations required a genuine spirit of compromise. The Secretary-General assured all parties that he would continue to do whatever he could to further the negotiating process.
CONSULTATION OF THE FIVE
Among the countries attending the 1989 Paris Conference on Cambodia were the five permanent members of the Security Council: China, France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States. Their presence marked a shared interest in achieving a negotiated settlement. In January 1990, they began a series of high-level meetings successively in New York and in Paris to discuss the situation in Cambodia. The meetings were an unprecedented and highly-visible effort on the part of the Five to develop the basis of a general settlement agreement. The Secretary-General welcomed this initiative and reiterated that the United Nations would assume any appropriate role agreed upon by the parties concerned and approved by the Security Council. He stressed, however, that the mandate which might ultimately be entrusted to the United Nations should be well-defined, realistic and practicable, and that the Organization should be assured of the necessary resources for its effective implementation.
In the source of their deliberations, the Five considered an Australian proposal to enhance the role of the United Nations in the settlement process, and took account of the discussions among the Cambodian parties, including those at an Informal Meeting on Cambodia in Jakarta in February 1990, and, in June, at a meeting held in Tokyo. Throughout the process, the Five maintained regular contacts with the Secretary-General. They welcomed his decision to establish a Secretariat task force to facilitate contingency planning for an eventual United Nations operation in Cambodia. To facilitate their request for technical information form the United Nations Secretariat, several fact-finding missions were dispatched under the auspices of the Secretary-General to study, among other things, communication and transportation infrastructure, water supply, sanitation and housing; structure of the administration; and modalities for the repatriation of refugees and displaced persons and their reintegration into Cambodia.
At their sixth meeting on 27-28 August, the Five announced that they had reached agreement on a framework for a comprehensive political settlement of the Cambodia conflict. On the basis of this framework, the co-Presidents of the Paris Conference convened an informal meeting of the Cambodian parties in Jakarta. The meeting culminated, on 10 September, in a joint statement announcing that the four Cambodian parties accepted the framework, in its entirety, as the basis for settling the conflict, and were committed to elaborating this framework into a comprehensive political settlement through the processes of the Paris Conference. The joint statement further stipulated that the Cambodian parties agreed to form the Supreme National Council (SNC) as the unique legitimate body and source of authority in Cambodia throughout a transitional period. On 20 September 1990, the United Nations Security Council adopted resolution 668 endorsing the framework formulated by the Five.
The Five then called upon the co-Presidents of the Paris Conference to make the necessary arrangements for the elaboration of a comprehensive political settlement agreement based on the framework. A working group met on 9 and 10 November and achieved a general understanding on the structure and approach to be followed. Further consideration took place later that month when the representative of the co-Presidents of the Conference met with the Vice-Ministers for Foreign Affairs of the Five. The Secretary-General’s representative, Mr. Ahmed, actively participated in these and subsequent meetings.
THE DRAFT TEXT OF 26 NOVEMBER
On 26 November 1990, the co-Presidents and the Five agreed on a text containing three main parts, namely:1) a general agreement with detailed annexes covering the proposed mandate for the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia( UNTAC); the military arrangements during the transitional period; elections; the repatriation of Cambodian refugees and displaced persons; and principles for a new constitution; 2) an agreement covering international guarantees; and 3) a declaration regarding the rehabilitation and reconstruction of Cambodia. From 21 to 23 December 1990, the co-Presidents convened a meeting with the SNC in order to present formally to the SNC members the 26 November text. The meeting resulted in concurrence on most of the fundamental points. In February, the draft agreements were presented to Cambodia’s neighbors, Thailand and Vietnam.
On 22 April 1991, the Secretary-General and the co-Presidents issued a joint appeal for a temporary cessation of hostilities, as a gesture of good faith, to create a favorable environment for the meeting at Jakarta of the co-Presidents and the members of the SNC. In response, the parties informed the Secretary-General that they intended to respect this appeal, voluntarily observing their first cease-fire in 12 years. At the Jakarta meeting from 4 to 6 June and at subsequent meetings in which the representative of the Secretary-General also participated, discussions in the remaining differences on the draft text were pursued. In mid-June 1991, Prince Norodom Sihanouk joined the SNC, and subsequently chaired its 24 to 26 June meeting in Pattaya, Thailand. A significant result of that meeting was the unanimous decision to call for an open-ended and unconditional cease-fire and for a halt to receiving outside military assistance. In July, at an informal meeting of the SNC in Beijing, it was agreed to elect Price Norodom Sihanouk president.
On 17 and 18 July, the Vice-Ministers of the five permanent members and the representative of Indonesia, in his capacity as co-President of the Paris Conference on Cambodia, also met in Beijing. They considered the results obtained at the SNC meetings and held a meeting with Prince Sihanouk, as President of the SNC, to exchange views on the situation and on the direction the negotiation process could be expected to take.
At its second formal meeting in Pattaya, from 26 to 29 August, the SNC considered the draft settlement agreements of November 26 1990, and, with the participation of the representative of the co-Presidents and of the Secretary-General, achieved significant progress in finding compromise solutions to most of the outstanding difficulties. This included, in particular, the question of the military arrangements during the transitional period. The SNC, through Prince Sihanouk, requested the Secretary-General to send a number of military observers to Cambodia, and to begin rehabilitation assistance for Cambodia as soon as possible.
On August 29 and 30, the Vice-Ministers of the permanent members of the Security Council and Indonesia also met in Pattaya. The progress made by the SNC, especially with respect to military matters, was considered. On 30 August, the first joint meeting of the co-Presidents, the five permanent members and the SNC was held. On 19 September, Price Sihanouk and other members of the SNC met informally with the representatives of the co-Presidents of the Paris Conference on Cambodia and with Mr. Ahmed in New York. Price Sihanouk indicated that the SNC had reached agreement on the issue of the electoral system to be used for the elections to be organized and conducted by the United Nations in Cambodia as part of the settlement agreement.
SIGNATURE OF THE AGREEMENTS
The Vice-Ministers of the five permanent members and the representative of the Indonesian co-President met in New York on 20 and 21 September to take stock of the situation. On 20 September, they held their second joint meeting with members of the SNC, at which Prince Sihanouk announced that the SNC had reached agreement on the question of the dicision-making process during the transitional period. On 21 September, the co-Presidents of the Paris Conference on Cambodia convened in New York an informal meeting of the Coordination Committee of the Conference. Following this meeting, Mr. Ahmed assisted the representatives of the co-Presidents in reviewing and revising the 26 November 1990 draft text in order to reflect the agreements reached during the preceding 10 months. The revised text was presented to the SNC on 27 September at another informal meeting held with the co-Presidents’ representatives and Mr. Ahmed. Subsequently, the co-Presidents made the revised text available to the other States participating in the Conference.
Following the visit to Cambodia at the request of the SNC of a military survey mission, the Secretary-General, on 30 September, recommended in a report to the Security Council the establishment of the United Nations Advance Mission in Cambodia (UNAMIC) to assist the Cambodian parties maintain their cease-fire, to exercise good offices and liaison functions during the period preceding the establishment of UNTAC, and to establish a mine awareness program. The Council approved the report on 16 October by its resolution 717(1991) and decided to establish UNAMIC immediately after the signing of the comprehensive settlement agreements.
The second session of the Paris Conference on Cambodia was held from 21 to 23 October 1991.The Agreements on a Comprehensive Political Settlement of the Cambodia Conflict were signed at the final meeting, on 23 October.This act marked the beginning of the transitional period in Cambodia, running up to the formation of a new Cambodian Government following free and fair elections. The Security Council expressed its full support for these Agreements on 31 October, in its resolution 718 (1991), and requested the preparation of a detailed plan of implementation.
In the presence of the Secretary-General of the United Nations,
In order to maintain, preserve and defend the sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity and inviolability, neutrality and national unity of Cambodia,
Desiring to restore and maintain peace in Cambodia, to promote national reconciliation and to ensure the exercise of the right to self-determination of the Cambodian people through free and fair elections,
Convinced that only a comprehensive political settlement to the Cambodia conflict will be just and durable contribute to regional and international peace and security,
Welcoming the Framework document of 28 August 1990, which was accepted by the Cambodian Parties in its entirety as the basis for settling the Cambodia conflict, and which was subsequently unanimously endorsed by Security Council resolution 668(1990) of 20 September 1990 and General Assembly resolution 45/3 of 15 October 1990.
Noting the formation in Jakarta on 10 September1990 of the Supreme National Council of Cambodia as the unique legitimate body and source of authority in Cambodia in which, throughout the transitional period, national sovereignty and unity are enshrined, and which represents Cambodia externally.
Welcoming that unanimous election, in Beijing July 17 1991, of H. R. H. Prince Norodom Sihanouk as the President of the Supreme National Council,
Recognizing that an enhanced United Nations role requires the establishment of a United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) with civilian and military components, which will act with full respect for the national sovereignty of Cambodia.
Noting the statements made at the conclusion of the meetings held in Jakarta on 9-10 September 1990, in Paris on 21-23 December 1990, in Pattaya on 24-26 June 1991, in Beijing on 16-17 July 1991, in Pattaya on 26-29 August 1991 and also the meetings held in Jakarta on 4-6 June 1991 and in New York on 19 September 1991.
Welcoming United Nations Security Council resolution 717 (1991) of 16 October 1991 on Cambodia.
Recognizing that Cambodia’s tragic recent history requires special measures to assure protection of human rights, and the non-return to the policies and practices of the past.
Have agreed as follows:
PART I. ARRANGEMENTS DURING THE TRANSITIONAL PERIOD
SECTION I: TRANSITONAL PERIOD
Article 1 For the purposes of this Agreement, the transitional period shall commence with the entry into force of this Agreement and terminate when the constituent assembly elected through free and fair elections, organized and certified by the United Nations, has approved the constitution and transformed itself into a legislative assembly, and thereafter a new government has been created.
SECTION II: UNITED NATIONS TRANSITIONAL AUTHORITY IN CAMBODIA
Article 2
SECTION III: SUPREME NATIONAL COUNCIL
Article 3
The Supreme National Council( hereinafter referred to as “ the SNC”) is the unique legitimate body and source of authority in which, throughout the transitional period, the sovereignty, independence and unity of Cambodia are enshrined.
Article 4
The members of the SNC shall be committed to the holding of free and fair elections organized and conducted by the United Nations as the basis for forming a new and legitimate Government.
Article 5
The SNC shall, throughout the transitional period, represent Cambodia externally and occupy the seat of Cambodia at the United Nations, in the United Nations specialized agencies, and in other international institutions and international conferences.
Article 6The SNC hereby delegates to the United Nations all powers necessary to ensure the implementation of this Agreement, as described in annex 1.
In order to ensure a neutral political environment conducive to free and fair general elections, administrative agencies, bodies and offices which could directly influence the outcome of elections will be placed under direct United Nations supervision or control. In that context, special attention will be given to foreign affairs, national defence, finance, public security and information. To reflect the importance of these subjects, UNTAC needs to exercise such control as is necessary to ensure the strict neutrality of the bodies responsible for them. The United Nations, in consultation with the SNC, will identify which agencies, bodies and offices could continue to operate in order to ensure normal day-to-day life in the country.
Article 7
The relationship between the SNC, UNTAC and existing administrative structures is set forth in annex 1.
SECTION IV: WITHDRAWAL OF FOREIGN FORCES AND ITS VERIFICATION
Article 8
Immediately upon entry into force of this Agreement, any foreign forces, advisers, and military personnel remaining in Cambodia, together with their weapons, ammunition, and equipment, shall be withdrawn from Cambodia and not be returned. Such withdrawal and non-return will be subject to UNTAC verification in accordance with annex 2.
SECTION V: CEASE-FIRE AND CESSATION OF OUTSIDE MILITARY ASSISTANCE
Article 9The cease-fire shall take effect at the time this Agreement enters into force. All force shall immediately disengage and refrain form all hostilities and from any deployment, movement or action which would extend the territory they control or which might lead to renewed fighting.
The Signatories hereby invite the Security Council of the United Nations to request the Secretary-General to provide good offices to assist in this process until such time as the military component of UNTAC is in position to supervise, monitor and verify it.
Article 10
Upon entry into force of this Agreement, there shall be an immediate cessation of all outside military assistance to all Cambodian Parties.
Article 11
The objectives of military arrangements during the transitional period shall be to stabilize the security situation and build confidence among the parties to the conflict, so as to reinforce the purposes of this Agreement and to prevent the risks of a return to warfare.
Detailed provisions regarding UNTAC’s supervision, monitoring, and verification of the cease-fire and related measures, including verification of the withdrawal of foreign forces and the regrouping, cantonment and ultimate disposition of all Cambodian forces and their weapons during the transitional period are set forth in annex 1, section C, and annex 2.
PART II: ELECTIONS
Article 12
The Cambodian people shall have the right to determine their own political future through the free and fair election of a constituent assembly, which will draft and approve a new Cambodian Constitution in accordance with Article 23 and transform itself into a legislative assembly, which will create the new Cambodian Government. This election will be held under United Nations auspices in a neutral political environment with full respect for the national sovereignty of Cambodia.
Article 13
UNTAC shall be responsible for the organization and conduct of these elections based on the provisions of annex1, section D, and annex 3.
Article 14
All Signatories commit themselves to respect the results of these elections once certified as free and fair by the United Nations.
PART III: HUMAN RIGHTS
Article 15
UNTAC shall be responsible during the transitional period for fostering an environment in which respect for human rights shall be ensured, based on the provisions of annex 1, section E.
Article 17
After the end of the transitional period, the United Nations Commission on Human Rights should continue to monitor closely the human rights situation in Cambodia, including, if necessary, by the appointment of a Special Rapporteur who would report his findings annually to the Commission and to the General Assembly.
PART IV: INTERNATIONAL GUARANTEES
Article 18
Cambodia undertakes to maintain, preserve and defend, and the other Signatories undertake to recognize and respect, the sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity and inviolability, neutrality and national unity of Cambodia, as set forth in a separate Agreement.
PART V: REFUGEES AND DISPLACED PERSONS
Article 19
Upon entry into force of this Agreement, every effort will be made to create in Cambodia political, economic and social conditions conducive to the voluntary return and harmonious integration of Cambodian refugees and displaced persons.
Article 20
PART VI: RELEASE OF PRISONERS OF WAR AND CIVILIAN INTERNEES
Article 21
The release of all prisoners of war and civilian internees shall be accomplished at the earliest possible date under the direction of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) in coordination with the Special Representative of the Secretary-General, with the assistance, as necessary, of other appropriate international humanitarian organizations and the Signatories.
Article 22 The expression “ civilian internees” refers to all persons who are not prisoners of war and who, having contributed in any way whatsoever to the armed or political struggle, have been arrested or detained by any of the parties by virtue of their contribution thereto.
PART VII: PRINCIPLES FOR A NEW CONSTITUTION FOR CAMBODIA
Article 23
Basic principles, including those regarding human rights and fundamental freedoms as well as regarding Cambodia’s status of neutrality, which the new Cambodian Constitution will incorporate, are set forth in annex 5.
PART VIII: REHABILITATION AND RECONSTRUCTION
Article 24
The Signatories urge the international community to provide economic and financial support for the rehabilitation and reconstruction of Cambodia, as provided in a separated declaration.
PART IX: FINAL PROVISIONS
Article 25
The Signatories shall, in good faith and in a spirit of cooperation, resolve through peaceful means any disputes with respect to the implementation of this Agreement.
Article 26
The Signatories request other States, international organizations and other bodies to cooperate and assist in the implementation of this Agreement and in the fulfillment by UNTAC of its mandate.
Article 27
Without prejudice to the prerogatives of the Security Council of the United Nations, and upon the request of the Secretary-General, the two co-Chairmen of the Paris Conference on Cambodia, in the event of a violation or threat of violation of this Agreement, will immediately undertake appropriate consultations, including with members of the Paris Conference on Cambodia, with a view to taking appropriate steps to ensure respect for these commitments.
Article 30
This Agreement shall enter into force upon signature.
Article 31
This Agreement shall remain open for accession by all States. The instruments of accession shall be deposited with the Governments of the French Republic and the Republic of Indonesia. For each State acceding to the Agreement it shall enter into force on the date of deposit of its instruments of accession. Acceding States shall be bound by the same obligations as the Signatories.
Article 32
The originals of this Agreement, of which the Chinese, English, French, Khmer and Russian texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited with the Governments of the French Republic and the Republic of Indonesia, which shall transmit certified true copies to the Governments of the other States participating in the Paris Conference on Cambodia, as well as the Secretary-General of the United Nations.
In witness whereof the undersigned Plenipotentiaries, being duly authorized there-to, have signed this Agreement.
Done at Paris this twenty-third day of October, one thousand nine hundred and ninety-one.
SECTION A: GENERAL PROCEDURES
1: In accordance with Article 6 of the Agreement, UNTAC will exercise the powers necessary to ensure the implementation of this Agreement, including those relating to the organization and conduct of free and fair elections and the relevant aspects of the administration of Cambodia.
2: The following mechanism will be used to resolve all issues relating to the implementation of this Agreement which may arise between the Secretary-General’s Special Representative and the Supreme Nation Council (SNC):
SECTION B: CIVIL ADMINSTRATION
1: In accordance with Article 6 of the Agreement, all administrative agencies, bodies and offices acting in the field of foreign affairs, national defence, finance, public security and information will be placed under the direct control of UNTAC, which will exercise it as necessary to ensure strict neutrality. In this respect, the Secretary-General’s Special Representative will determine what is necessary and may issue directives to the above-mentioned administrative agencies, bodies and offices. Such directives may be issued to and will bind all Cambodian Parties.
2: In accordance with Article 6 of the Agreement, the Secretary-General’s Special Representative, in consultation with the SNC, will determine which other administrative agencies, bodies and offices could directly influence the outcome of elections. These administrative agencies, bodies and offices will be placed under direct supervision or control of UNTAC and will comply with any guidance provided by it.
3: In accordance with Article 6 of the Agreement, the Secretary-General’s Special Representative, in consultation with the SNC, will identify which administrative agencies, bodies and offices could continue to operate in order to ensure normal day-to-day life in Cambodia, if necessary, under such supervision by UNTAC as it considers necessary.
4: In accordance with Article 6 of the Agreement, the authority of the Secretary-General’s Special Representative will include the power to:
5:b) All civil police will operate under UNTAC supervision or control, in order to ensure that law and order are maintained effectively and impartially, and that human rights and fundamental freedoms are fully protected. In consultation with the SNC, UNTAC will supervise other law enforcement and judicial processes throughout Cambodia to the extent necessary to ensure the attainment of these objectives.
6: If the Secretary-General’s Special Representative deems it necessary, UNTAC, in consultation with the SNC, will undertake investigations of complaints and allegations regarding actions by the existing administrative structures in Cambodia that are consistent with or work against the objectives of this comprehensive political settlement. UNTAC will also be empowered to undertake such investigation on its own initiative. UNTAC will take, when necessary, appropriate corrective steps.
SECTION C: MILITARY FUNCTIONS
1: UNTAC will supervise, monitor and verify the withdrawal of foreign forces, the cease-fire and related measures in accordance with annex 2, including:
3: As the forces enter the cantonments, UNTAC will initiate the process of arms control and reduction specified in annex 2.
4: UNTAC will take necessary steps regarding the phased process of demobilization of the military forces of the parties, in accordance with annex 2.
5: UNTAC will assist, as necessary, the International Committee of the Red Cross in the release of all prisoners of war and civilian internees.
SECTION D: ELECTIONS
1: UNTAC will organize and conduct the election referred to in Part II of this Agreement in accordance with this section and annex 3.
2: UNTAC may consult with the SNC regarding the organization and conduct of the electoral process.
5: The timetable for the various phases of the electoral process will be determined by UNTAC, in consultation with the SNC as provided in paragraph 2 of this section. The duration of the electoral process will not exceed mine months from the commencement of voter registration.
6: In organizing and conducting the electoral process, UNTAC will make every effort to ensure that the system and procedures adopted are absolutely impartial, while the operational arrangements are as administratively simple and efficient as possible.
SECTION E: HUMAN RIGHTS
In accordance with Article 16, UNTAC will make provision for:
Article I: Cease-fire
1: All Cambodian Parties (hereinafter referred to as “ the Parties”) agree to observe a comprehensive cease-fire on land and water and in the air. This cease-fire will be implemented in two phases. During the first phase, the cease-fire will be observed with the assistance of the Secretary-General of the United Nations through his good offices. During the second phase, which should commence as soon as possible, the cease-fire will be supervised, monitored and verified by UNTAC. The Commander of the military component of UNTAC, in consultation with the Parties, shall determine the exact time and date at which the second phase will commence. This date will be set at least four weeks in advance of its coming into effect.
2: The Parties undertake that, upon the signing of this Agreement, they will observe a cease-fire and will order their armed force immediately to disengage and refrain from all hostilities and any deployment, movement or action that would extend the territory they control or that might lead to as resumption of fighting, pending the commencement of the second phase. “ Forces” are agreed to include all regular, provincial, district, paramilitary and other auxiliary forces. During the first phase, the Secretary-General of the United Nations will provide his good offices to the Parties to assist them in its observance. The Parties undertake to cooperate with the Secretary-General or his representatives in the exercise of his good offices in this regard.
3: The Parties agree that, immediately upon the signing of this Agreement, the following information will be provided to the United Nations:
5: The Parties agree to take steps to inform their forces at least two weeks before the beginning of the second phase, using all possible means of communication, about the agreed date and time of the beginning of the second phase, about the agreed plan for the regroupment and cantonment of their forces and for the storage of their arms, ammunition and equipment and, in particular, about the exact locations of the regroupment areas to which their forces are to report. Such information will continue to be disseminated for a period of four weeks after the beginning of the second phase.
6: The parties shall scrupulously observe the cease-fire and will not resume any hostilities by land, water or air. The commanders of their armed forces will ensure that all troops under their command remain on their respective positions, pending their movement to the designated regroupment areas, and refrain from all hostilities and from any deployment or movement or action which would extend the territory they control or which might lead to a resumption of fighting.
Article II: Liaison system and Mixed Military Working Group
A Mixed Military Working Group (MMWG) will be established with a view to resolving any problems that may arise in the observance of the cease-fire. It will be chaired by the most senior United Nations military officer in Cambodia or his representative. Each Party agrees to designate an officer of the rank of brigadier or equivalent to serve on the MMWG. Its composition, method of operation and meeting places will be determined by the most senior United Nations military officer in consultation with the Parties. Similar liaison arrangements will be made at lower military command levels to resolve practical problems on the ground.
Article III: Regroupment and cantonment of the forces of the Parties and storage of their arms, ammunition and equipment
1: In accordance with the operational timetable referred to in paragraph 4 of Article 1 of the present annex, all forces of the Parties that are not already in designated cantonment areas will report to designated regroupment areas, which will be established and operated by the military component of UNTAC. These regroupment areas will be established and operational not later than one week prior to the date of the beginning of the second phase. The Parties agree to arrange for all their forces, with all their arms, ammunition and equipment, to report to regroupment areas within two weeks after the beginning of the second phase. All personnel who have reported to the regroupment areas will thereafter be escorted by personnel of the military component of UNTAC, with their arms, ammunition and equipment, to designated cantonment areas. All Parties agree to ensure that personnel reporting to the regroupment areas will be able to do so in full safety and without any hindrance.
2: On the basis of the information provided in accordance with paragraph 3 of Article 1 of the present annex, UNTAC will confirm that the regroupment and cantonment processes have been completed in accordance with the plan referred to in paragraph 4 of Article 1 of this annex. UNTAC will endeavour to complete these processes within four weeks from the date of the beginning of the second phase. On the completion of regroupment of all forces and of their movement to cantonment areas, respectively, the Commander of the military component of UNTAC will so inform each of the four Parties.
3: The Parties agree that, as their forces enter the designated cantonment areas, their personnel will be instructed by their commanders to immediately hand over all their arms, ammunition and equipment to UNTAC for storage in the custody of UNTAC.
4: UNTAC will check the arms, ammunition and equipment handed over to it against the lists referred to in paragraph 3. b) of Article 1 of this annex, in order to verify that all the arms, ammunition and equipment in the possession of the Parties have been placed under its custody.
Article IV: Resupply of forces during cantonment
The military component of UNTAC will supervise the resupply of all forces of the Parties during the regroupment and cantonment processes. Such resupply will be confined to items of a non-lethal nature such as food, water, clothing and medical supplies as well as provision of medical care.
Article V: Ultimate disposition of the forces of the Parties and of their arms, ammunition and equipment
1: In order to reinforce the objectives of a comprehensive political settlement, minimize the risks of a return to warfare, stabilize the security situation and build confidence among the Parties to the conflict, all Parties agree to undertake a phased and balanced process of demobilization of at least 70 percent of their military forces. This process shall be undertaken in accordance with a detailed plan to be drawn up by UNTAC on the basis of the information provided under Article 1 of this annex and in consultation with the Parties. It should be completed prior to the end of the process of registration for the elections and on a date to be determined by the Special Representative of the Secretary-General.
2: The Cambodian Parties hereby commit themselves to demobilize all their remaining forces before or shortly after the elections and, to the extent that full demobilization is unattainable, to respect and abide by whatever decision the newly elected government that emerges in accordance with Article 12 of this Agreement takes with regard to the incorporation of parts or all of those forces into a new national army. Upon completion of the demobilization referred to in paragraph 1, the Cambodian Parties and the Special Representative of the Secretary-General shall undertake a review regarding the final disposition of the force remaining in the cantonments, with a view to determining which of the following shall apply:
a) If the Parties agree to proceed with the demobilization of all or some of the force remaining in the cantonments, preferably prior to or otherwise shortly after the elections, the Special Representative shall prepare a timetable for so doing, in consultation with them.
b) Should total demobilization of all of the residual forces before or shortly after the elections not be possible, the Parties hereby undertake to make available all of their forces remaining in cantonments to the newly elected government that emerges in accordance with Article 12 of this Agreement, for consideration for incorporation into a new national army. They further agree that any such forces are not incorporated into the new national army will be demobilized forthwith according to a plan to be prepared by the Special Representative. With regard to the ultimate disposition of the remaining forces and all the arms, ammunition and equipment, UNTAC, as it withdraws from Cambodia, shall retain such authority as is necessary to ensure an orderly transfer to the newly elected government of those responsibilities it has exercised during the transitional period.
3: UNTAC will assist, as required, with the reintegration into civilian life of the force demobilized prior to the elections.
4: a) UNTAC will control and guard all the arms, ammunition and equipment of the Parties throughout the transitional period.
4: b) As the cantonment forces are demobilized in accordance with paragraph 1 above, there will be a parallel reduction by UNTAC of the arms, ammunition and equipment stored on site in the cantonment areas. For the forces remaining in the cantonment areas, access to their arms, ammunition and equipment shall only be on the basis of the explicit authorization of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General.
4: c) If there is a further demobilization of the military forces in accordance with paragraph 2. a) above, there will be a commensurate reduction by UNTAC of the arms, ammunition and equipment stored on site in the cantonment areas.
4: d) The ultimate disposition of all arms, ammunition and equipment will be determined by the government that emerges through the free and fair elections in accordance with Article 12 of this Agreement.
Article VI: Verification of withdrawal from Cambodia and non-return of all categories of foreign forces
1: UNTAC shall be provided, no later than two weeks before the commencement of the second phase of the cease-fire, with detailed information in writing regarding the withdrawal of foreign forces. This information shall include the following elements:
3: Upon confirmation of the presence of any foreign forces, UNTAC will immediately deploy military personnel with the foreign forces and accompany them until they have withdrawn from Cambodia territory. UNTAC will also establish checkpoints on withdrawal routes, border crossing points and airfields to verify the withdrawal and ensure the non-return of all categories of foreign forces.
4: The Mixed Military Working Group (MMWG) provided for in Article II of these annex will assist UNTAC in fulfilling the above-mentioned tasks.
Article VII: Cessation of outside military assistance to all Cambodian Parties
1: All Parties undertake, from the time of the signing of this Agreement, not to obtain or seek any outside military assistance, including weapons, ammunition and military equipment from outside sources.
2: The Signatories whose territory is adjacent to Cambodia, namely, the Governments of the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, the Kingdom of Thailand and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, undertake to:
Article VII: Caches of weapons and military supplies
1: In order to stabilize the security situation, build confidence and reduce arms and military supplies throughout Cambodia, each Party agrees to provide to the Commander of the military component of UNTAC, before a date to be determined by him, all information at is disposal, including marked maps, about known or suspected caches of weapons and military supplies throughout Cambodia.
2: On the basis of information received, the military component of UNTAC shall, after the date referred to in paragraph 1, deploy verification teams to investigate each report and destroy each cache found.
Article IX: Unexploded ordnance devices
1: Soon after arrival in Cambodia, the military component of UNTAC shall ensure, as a first step, that all known minefields are clearly marked.
2: The Parties agree that, after completion of the regroupment and cantonment
processes in accordance with Article III of the present annex, they will make available mine-clearing teams which, under the supervision and control of UNTAC military personnel, will leave the cantonment areas in order to assist in removing, disarming or deactivating remaining unexploded ordnance devices. Those mines or objects which cannot be removed, disarmed or deactivated will be clearly marked in accordance with a system to be devised by the military component of UNTAC.
3: UNTAC shall: a) Conduct a mass public education programme in the recognition and avoidance of explosive devices.
Article X: Investigation of violations
1: After the beginning of the second phase, upon receipt of any information or complaint from one of the Parties relating to a possible case of non-compliance with any of the provisions of the present annex or related provisions, UNTAC will undertake an investigation in the manner which it deems appropriate. Where the investigation takes place in response to a complaint by one of the Parties, that Party will be required to make personnel available to accompany the UNTAC investigators. The results of such investigation will be conveyed by UNTAC to the complaining Party and the Party complained against, and if necessary to the SNC.
2: UNTAC will also carry out investigations on its own initiative in other cases when it has reason to believe or suspect that a violation of this annex or related provisions may be taking place.
Article XI: Release of prisoners of war
The military component of UNTAC will provide assistance as required to the International Committee of the Red Cross in the latter’s discharge of its functions relating to the release of prisoners of war.
Article XII: Repatriation and resettlement of displaced Cambodians.
The military component of UNTAC will provide assistance as necessary in the repatriation of Cambodian refugees and displaced persons carried out in accordance with Article 19 and 20 of this Agreement, in particular in the clearing of mines from repatriation routes, reception centers and resettlement areas, as well as in the protection of the reception centres.
2: The election referred to in Article 12 of the Agreement will be held throughout Cambodia on a provincial basis in accordance with a system of proportional representation on the basis of lists of candidates put forward by political parties.
3: All Cambodians, including those who at the time of signature of this Agreement are Cambodian refugees and displaced persons, will have the same rights, freedoms and opportunities to take part in the electoral process.
4: Every person who has reached the age of eighteen at the time of application to register, or who turns eighteen during the registration period, and who either was born in Cambodia or is the child of a person born in Cambodia, will be eligible to vote in the election.
5: Political parties may be formed by any group of five thousand registered voters. Party platforms shall be consistent with the principles and objectives of the Agreement on a comprehensive political settlement.
6: Party affiliation will be required in order to stand for election to the constituent assembly. Political parties will present lists of candidates standing for election on their behalf, who will be registered voters.
7: Political parties and candidates will be registered in order to stand for election. UNTAC will confirm that political parties and candidates meet the established criteria in order to qualify for participation in the election. Adherence to a Code of Conduct established by UNTAC in consultation with the SNC will be a condition for such participation.
8: Voting will be by secret ballot, with provision made to assist those who are disabled or who cannot read or write.
9: The freedoms of speech, assembly and movement will be fully respected. All registered political parties will enjoy fair access to the media, including the press, television and radio.
PART I: INTRODUCTION
1: As part of the comprehensive political settlement, every assistance will need to be given to Cambodian refugees and displaced persons as well as to countries of temporary refuge and the country of origin in order to facilitate the voluntary return of all Cambodian refugees and displaced persons in a peaceful and orderly manner. It must also be ensured that there would be no residual problems for the countries of temporary refuges. The country of origin with responsibility towards its own people will accept their return as conditions become conducive.
PART II: CONDITIONS CONDUCIVE TO THE RETURN OF REFUGEES AND DIPLACED PERSONS
2: The task of rebuilding the Cambodian nation will require the harnessing of all its human and natural resources. To this end, the return to the place of their choice of Cambodian from their temporary refuge and elsewhere outside their country of origin will make a major contribution.
3: Every effort should be made to ensure that the conditions which have led to a large number of Cambodian refugees and displaced persons seeking refuge in other countries should not recur. Nevertheless, some Cambodian refugees and displaced persons will wish and be able to return spontaneously to their homeland.
4: There must be full respect for the human rights and fundamental freedoms of all Cambodians, including those of the repatriated refugees and displaced persons, in recognition of their entitlement to live in peace and security, free from intimidation and coercion of any kind. These rights would include, inter alia, freedom of movement within Cambodia, the choice of domicile and employment, and the right to property.
5: In accordance with the comprehensive political settlement, every effort should be made to create concurrently in Cambodia political, economic and social conditions conducive to the return and harmonious integration of the Cambodian refugees and displaced persons.
6: With a view to ensuring that refugees and displaced persons participate in the elections, mass repatriation should commence and be completed as soon as possible, taking into account all the political, humanitarian, logistical, technical and socio-economic factors involved, and with the cooperation of the SNC.
7: Repatriation of Cambodia refugees and displaced persons should be voluntary and their decision should be taken in full possession of the facts. Choice of destination within Cambodia should be that of the individual. The unity of the family must be preserved.
PART III: OPERATION FACTORS
8: Consistent with respect for principles of national sovereignty in the countries of temporary refuge and origin, and in close cooperation with the countries of temporary refuge and origin, full access by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), ICRC and other relevant international agencies should be guaranteed to all Cambodian refugees and displaced persons, with a view to the agencies undertaking the census, tracing, medical assistance, food, distribution and other activities vital to the discharge of their mandate and operation responsibilities; such access should also be provided in Cambodia to enable the relevant international organizations to carry out their traditional monitoring as well as operational responsibilities.
9: In the context of the comprehensive political settlement, the Signatories note with satisfaction that the Secretary-General of the United Nations has entrusted UNHCR with the role of leadership and coordination among intergovernmental agencies assisting with the repatriation and relief of Cambodian refugees and displaced persons. The Signatories look to all non-governmental organizations to coordinate as much as possible their work for the Cambodian refugees and displaced persons with that of UNHCR.
10: The SNC, the Governments of the countries in which the Cambodian refugees and displaced persons have sought temporary refuge, and the countries which contribute to the repatriation and integration effort will wish to monitor closely and facilitate the repatriation of the returnees. An ad hoc consultative body should be established for a limited term for these purposes. The UNHCR, the ICRC, and other international agencies as appropriate, as well as UNTAC, would be invited to join as full participants.
11: Adequately monitored short-term repatriation assistance should be provided on an impartial basis to enable the families and individuals returning to Cambodia to establish their lives and livelihoods harmoniously in their society. These interim measures would be phased out and replaced in the longer term by the reconstruction programme.
12: Those responsible for organizing and supervising the repatriation operation will need to ensure that conditions of security are created for the movement of the refugees and displaced persons. In this respect, it is imperative that appropriate border crossing points and routes be designated and cleared of mines and other hazards.
13: The international community should contribute generously to the financial requirements of the repatriation operation.
1: The constitution will be the supreme law of the land. It may be amended only by a designated process involving legislative approval, popular referendum, of both.
2: Cambodia’s tragic recent history requires special measures to assure protection of human rights. Therefore, the constitution will contain a declaration of fundamental rights, including the rights of life, personal liberty, security, freedom of movement, freedom of religion, assembly and association including political parties and trade unions, due process and equality before the law, protection from arbitrary deprivation of property or deprivation of private property without just compensation, and freedom from racial, ethnic, religious or sexual discrimination. It will prohibit the retroactive application of criminal law. The declaration will be consistent with the provisions of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other relevant international instruments. Aggrieved individuals will be entitled to have the courts adjudicate and enforce these rights.
3: The constitution will declare Cambodia’s status as a sovereign, independent and neutral State, and the national unity of Cambodian people.
4: The constitution will state that Cambodia will follow a system of liberal democracy, on the basis of pluralism. It will provide for periodic and genuine elections. It will provide for the right to vote and to be elected by universal and equal suffrage. It will provide for voting by secret ballot, with a requirement that electoral procedures provide a full and fair opportunity to organize and participate in the electoral process.
5: An independent judiciary will be established, empowered to enforce the rights provided under the constitution.
6: The constitution will be adopted by a two-thirds majority of the members of the constituent assembly.
Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Canada, the People’s Republic of China, the French Republic, the Republic of India, the Republic of Indonesia, Japan, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Malaysia, the Republic of the Philippines, the Republic of Singapore, the Kingdom of Thailand, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the United States of America, the Socialist Republic of Vietnam and the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
In the presence of the Secretary-General of the United Nations:
Convinced that a comprehensive political settlement for Cambodia is essential for the long-term objective of maintaining peace and security in South-East Asia.
Recalling their obligations under the Charter of the United Nations and other rules of international law.
Considering that full observance of the principles of non-interference and non-intervention in the internal and external affairs of States is of the greatest importance for the maintenance of international peace and security.
Reaffirming the inalienable right of States freely to determine their own political, economic, cultural and social systems in accordance with the will of their peoples, without outside interference, subversion, coercion or threat in any form whatsoever.
Desiring to promote respect for an observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations and other relevant international instruments.
Have agreed as follows:
Article 1:
1: Cambodia hereby solemnly undertakes to maintain, preserve and defend its sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity and inviolability, neutrality, and national unity; the perpetual neutrality of Cambodia shall be proclaimed and enshrined in the Cambodian constitution to be adopted after free and fair elections.
2: To this end, Cambodia undertakes:
Article 2:
1: The other parties tot his Agreement hereby solemnly undertake to recognize and to respect in every way the sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity and inviolability, neutrality and national unity of Cambodian.
2: To this end, they undertake:
Article 3:
1: All persons in Cambodia shall enjoy the rights and freedoms embodied in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other relevant international human rights instruments.
2: To this end,
Article 4:
The parties to this Agreement call upon all other States to recognize and respect in every way the sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity and inviolability, neutrality and national unity of Cambodia and to refrain from any action inconsistent with these principles or with other provisions of this Agreement.
Article 5:
1: In the event of a violation or threat of violation of the sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity and inviolability, neutrality or national unity of Cambodia, or of any of the other commitments herein, the parties to this Agreement undertake to consult immediately with a view to adopting all appropriate steps to ensure respect for these commitments and resolving any such violations through peaceful means.
2: Such steps may include, inter alia, reference of the matter to the Security Council of the United Nations or recourse to the means for the peaceful settlement of disputes referred to in Article 33 of the Charter of the United Nations.
3: The parties to this Agreement may also call upon the assistance of the co-Chairmen of the Paris Conference on Cambodia.
4: In the event of serious violations of human rights in Cambodia, they will call upon the competent organs of the United Nations to take such other steps as are appropriate for the prevention and suppression of such violations in accordance with the relevant international instruments.
Article 6:
This Agreement shall enter into force upon signature.
Article 7:
This Agreement shall remain open for accession by all States. The instruments of accession shall be deposited with the Governments of the French Republic and the Republic of Indonesia. For each State acceding to this Agreement, it shall enter into force on the date of deposit of its instrument of its instrument of accession.
Article 8:
The original of this Agreement, of which the Chinese, English, French, Khmer and Russian texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited with the Governments of the French Republic and the Republic of Indonesia, which shall transmit certified true copies of the Governments of the other States participating in the Paris Conference on Cambodia and to the Secretary-General of the United Nations.
In witness whereof the undersigned plenipotentiaries, being duly authorized there-to, have signed this Agreement.
Done at Paris this twenty-third day of October, one thousand nine hundred and ninety-one.
1: The primary objective of the reconstruction of Cambodia should be the advancement of the Cambodian nation and people, without discrimination or prejudice, and with full respect for human rights and fundamental freedom for all. The achievement of this objective requires the full implementation of the comprehensive political settlement.
2: The main responsibility for deciding Cambodia’s reconstruction needs and plans should rest with the Cambodian people and the government formed after free and fair elections. No attempt should be made to impose a development strategy on Cambodia from any outside source or deter potential donors from contributing to the reconstruction of Cambodia.
3: International, regional and bilateral assistance to Cambodia should be coordinated as much as possible, complement and supplement local resources and be made available impartially with full regard for Cambodia’s sovereignty, priorities, institutional means and absorptive capacity.
4: In the context of the reconstruction effort, economic aid should benefit all areas of Cambodia, especially the more disadvantaged, and reach all levels of society.
5: The implementation of an international aid effort would have to be phased in over a period that realistically acknowledges both political and technical imperatives. It would also necessitate a significant degree of cooperation between the future Cambodian Government and bilateral, regional and international contributors.
6: An important role will be played in rehabilitation and reconstruction by the United Nations system. The launching of an international reconstruction plan and an appeal for contributions should take place at an appropriate time, as so to ensure its success.
7: No effective programme of national reconstruction can be initiated without detailed assessments of Cambodia’s human, natural and other economic assets. It will be necessary for a census to be conducted, developmental priorities identified, and the availability of resources, internal and external, determined.
To this end there will be scope for sending to Cambodia fact-finding missions from the United Nations system, international financial institutions and other agencies, with the consent of the future Cambodian Government.
8: With the achievement of the comprehensive political settlement, it is now possible and desirable to initiate a process of rehabilitation, addressing immediately needs, and to lay the groundwork for the preparation of medium and long-term reconstruction plans.
9: For this period of rehabilitation, the United Nations Secretary-General is requested to help coordinate the program guided by a person appointed for this purpose.
10: In this rehabilitation phase, particular attention will need to be given to food security, health, housing, training, education, the transport network and the restoration of Cambodia’s existing basic infrastructure and public utilities.
11: The implementation of a longer-term international development plan for reconstruction should await the formation of a government following the elections and the determination and adoption of its own policies and priorities.
12: This reconstruction phase should promote Cambodian entrepreneurship and make use of the private sector, among other sectors, to help advance self-sustaining economic growth. It would also benefit from regional approaches, involving, inter alia, institutions such as the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) and the Mekong Committee, and Governments within the region; and from participation by non-governmental organizations.
13: In order to harmonize and monitor the contributions that will be made by the international community to the reconstruction of Cambodia after the formation of a government following the elections, a consultative body, to be called the International Committee on the Reconstruction of Cambodia (ICORC), should be set up at an appropriate time and be open to potential donors and other relevant parties. The United Nations Secretary-General is requested to make special arrangements for the United Nations system to support ICORC in its work, notably in ensuring a smooth transition from the rehabilitation to reconstruction phases.
Summary:
The Comprehensive Cambodian Peace Agreement commonly referred to as the Paris Agreement is comprised of 4 Parts signed the 23 of October 1991 ending the conflict in Cambodia. This Comprehensive Agreement consists of :
- The Final Act of the Paris Conference on Cambodia
- Agreement on the Political Settlement of the Cambodia Conflict
- Agreement Concerning the Sovereignty, Territorial Integrity and Inviolability, Neutrality and National Unity of Cambodia
- Declaration on the Rehabilitation and Reconstruction of Cambodia
PARIS, 23 OCTOBER 1991
TABLE OF CONTENTS
- BACKGROUND NOTE ON THE NEGOTIATING PROCESS
- FINAL ACT OF THE PARIS CONFERENCE ON CAMBODIA
- AGREEMENT ON A COMPREHENSIVE POLITICAL SETTLEMENT OF THE CAMBODIA CONFLICT
- AGREEMENT CONCERNING THE SOVEREIGNTY, INDEPENDENCE, TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY AND INVIOLABILITY, NEUTRALITY AND NATIONAL UNITY OF CAMBODIA
- DECLARATION ON THE REHABILITATION AND RECONSTRUCTION OF CAMBODIA
1. BACKGROUND ON THE NEGOTIATING PROCESS
On October 23 1991, the Agreements on a Comprehensive Political Settlement of the Cambodia Conflict were signed by Cambodia and 18 other nations in the presence of the United Nations Secretary-General. The agreements were the culmination of more than a decade of negotiations in which the Secretary-General had been closely involved from the outset.The situation in Cambodia was first considered by the United Nations Security early in 1979. Later in the same year, the General Assembly considered the question at its regular session and adopted the first in a long series of resolutions on the subject. One of the provisions of that and succeeding resolutions requested the Secretary-General to follow the situation closely and to exercise his good offices in order to contribute to a peaceful solution to the problem. Another provision welcomed the efforts begun by the Secretary-General to coordinate relief assistance to the Cambodia people, assistance which, over the years, has now amounted to more than a billion dollars.
GOOD OFFICES
A few months following the International Conference on Kampuchea, convened in New York from 13 to 17 July 1981 by the General Assembly, Secretary-General Javier Pe’rez de Cuellar renewed the offer of good offices. He requested his Special Representative for Humanitarian Affairs in South-East Asia, Rafeeuddin Ahmed, to establish contacts with the principal countries concerned in order to assess the positions of the parties and encourage, through dialogue, the gradual reconciliation of viewpoints. Accordingly, Mr. Ahmed undertook a mission in February and March 1982 to consult with Governments in the region and to encourage them to consider the convening of a limited international conference to bring together the parties, regional countries concerned and the five permanent members of the Security Council. At the same time, the Secretary-General continued his own contacts with Governments, both at United Nations Headquarters and at capitals around the world. He reported to the General Assembly at its thirty-seventh session in 1982 that only a comprehensive political solution, achieved through genuine negotiations, would ultimately bring peace. He reiterated his determination to continue to exercise his good offices and to assist all parties concerned in the search for a negotiated settlement.
On the Secretary-General’s behalf, Mr. Ahmed visited the region many times over the years; in 1985, the Secretary-General himself did so. On the basis of his discussions, the Secretary-General was able to identify a number of objectives on which there seemed to be a degree of convergence. He listed these points in his reports to the General Assembly at its fortieth session in 1985, thus recording for the first time the maim elements of a comprehensive political settlement. His efforts over the next three years centred on identifying the circumstances in which these objective might be achieved.
In December 1987, Prince Norodom Sihanouk and Mr. Hun Sen met for the first time in France, and a month later held a second round of talks. Following the initiation of this dialogue, the Secretary-General decided in June 1988 to ask his Special Representative to travel to South-East Asia to relay to the four Cambodian parties and concerned Governments of the region certain concrete ideas which might serve as a framework for a comprehensive settlement plan. The proposals put forward by the Secretary-General elaborated the objectives he had identified in 1985 and proposed integration of the various elements into a comprehensive scheme leading to the establishment of an independent, neutral and non-aligned Cambodian state. In particular, the framework provided for an overall timeframe for a cease-fire and the withdrawal of all foreign forces from Cambodia, the disposition of the Cambodian armed elements, self-determination through free and fair general elections and the formation of a national reconciliation administration in Cambodia pending those elections, all with international supervision and verification; the repatriation and reintegration of refugees and displaced persons; and the implementation of measures, including a human rights education programme, to ensure the non-return to policies and practices of the past. In addition, the Secretary-General foresaw the provision of international guarantees for a settlement, and the launching of a programme for the rehabilitation and reconstruction of Cambodia. The Secretary-General clarified that this integrated approach was intended only as a focus for dialogue between the parties concerned, and that he was prepared to explore any other avenue to hasten a peaceful, just and lasting solution.
Following the Secretary-General’s proposals, the process of dialogue and negotiation gathered momentum, The first face-to-face talks between all four Cambodian parties took place on the occasion of the Jakarta Informal Meeting (JIM), hosted by Indonesia, in July 1988. Representative of Vietnam, the Lao people’s Democratic Republic and the Association of South-East Asian Nations were also invited. A second JIM was held in February 1989. Among the items discussed was the general understanding that an international control mechanism should play a role in supervising and controlling the implementation of any agreements reached by the parties. All four Cambodian parties again participated in talks held in Paris in July 1989, on the eve of the Paris Conference of Cambodia.
PARIS CONFERENCE ON CAMBODIA
Eighteen countries and the Cambodian parties attended the Conference, held from 30 July to 30 August 1989 at the initiative of France. The French and the Indonesian Foreign Minister acted as co-Presidents. Also participating in his official capacity was the Secretary-General of the United Nations. Addressing the opening session, the Secretary-General noted that, while the principle objectives of such a settlement was accepted by all, some significant substantive differences remained to be resolved. He subsequently put forward a number of working documents designed to facilitate bridging those differences. In particular, he addressed the military aspects in some detail, outlined the steps necessary for internationally supervised elections, put forward a proposal for the repatriation of refugees and displaced persons and outlined what the United Nations could do for the rehabilitation and reconstruction of Cambodia at the appropriate time. In addition, he pointed out that further information on the situation inside Cambodia would be necessary for the deployment of an international control mechanism, and that a fact-finding mission would go to Cambodia to gather the necessary technical information. The Conference agreed, and a mission was dispatched by the Secretary-General to visit the area from 6 to 19 August 1989.
When the Conference was suspended on 30 August, the concluding statement noted that, while progress had been made in elaborating a wide variety of elements, a comprehensive settlement had not yet been achieved. The Secretary-General, in his report to the forty-fourth session of the General Assembly in October 1989, pointed out that the most important outstanding issue was national reconciliation. To begin to resolve this issue, viable administrative arrangements had to be made for the transition period leading to free, fair and internationally supervised elections. Other details remained to be worked out as well. A firm basis for the negotiations required a genuine spirit of compromise. The Secretary-General assured all parties that he would continue to do whatever he could to further the negotiating process.
CONSULTATION OF THE FIVE
Among the countries attending the 1989 Paris Conference on Cambodia were the five permanent members of the Security Council: China, France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States. Their presence marked a shared interest in achieving a negotiated settlement. In January 1990, they began a series of high-level meetings successively in New York and in Paris to discuss the situation in Cambodia. The meetings were an unprecedented and highly-visible effort on the part of the Five to develop the basis of a general settlement agreement. The Secretary-General welcomed this initiative and reiterated that the United Nations would assume any appropriate role agreed upon by the parties concerned and approved by the Security Council. He stressed, however, that the mandate which might ultimately be entrusted to the United Nations should be well-defined, realistic and practicable, and that the Organization should be assured of the necessary resources for its effective implementation.
In the source of their deliberations, the Five considered an Australian proposal to enhance the role of the United Nations in the settlement process, and took account of the discussions among the Cambodian parties, including those at an Informal Meeting on Cambodia in Jakarta in February 1990, and, in June, at a meeting held in Tokyo. Throughout the process, the Five maintained regular contacts with the Secretary-General. They welcomed his decision to establish a Secretariat task force to facilitate contingency planning for an eventual United Nations operation in Cambodia. To facilitate their request for technical information form the United Nations Secretariat, several fact-finding missions were dispatched under the auspices of the Secretary-General to study, among other things, communication and transportation infrastructure, water supply, sanitation and housing; structure of the administration; and modalities for the repatriation of refugees and displaced persons and their reintegration into Cambodia.
At their sixth meeting on 27-28 August, the Five announced that they had reached agreement on a framework for a comprehensive political settlement of the Cambodia conflict. On the basis of this framework, the co-Presidents of the Paris Conference convened an informal meeting of the Cambodian parties in Jakarta. The meeting culminated, on 10 September, in a joint statement announcing that the four Cambodian parties accepted the framework, in its entirety, as the basis for settling the conflict, and were committed to elaborating this framework into a comprehensive political settlement through the processes of the Paris Conference. The joint statement further stipulated that the Cambodian parties agreed to form the Supreme National Council (SNC) as the unique legitimate body and source of authority in Cambodia throughout a transitional period. On 20 September 1990, the United Nations Security Council adopted resolution 668 endorsing the framework formulated by the Five.
The Five then called upon the co-Presidents of the Paris Conference to make the necessary arrangements for the elaboration of a comprehensive political settlement agreement based on the framework. A working group met on 9 and 10 November and achieved a general understanding on the structure and approach to be followed. Further consideration took place later that month when the representative of the co-Presidents of the Conference met with the Vice-Ministers for Foreign Affairs of the Five. The Secretary-General’s representative, Mr. Ahmed, actively participated in these and subsequent meetings.
THE DRAFT TEXT OF 26 NOVEMBER
On 26 November 1990, the co-Presidents and the Five agreed on a text containing three main parts, namely:1) a general agreement with detailed annexes covering the proposed mandate for the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia( UNTAC); the military arrangements during the transitional period; elections; the repatriation of Cambodian refugees and displaced persons; and principles for a new constitution; 2) an agreement covering international guarantees; and 3) a declaration regarding the rehabilitation and reconstruction of Cambodia. From 21 to 23 December 1990, the co-Presidents convened a meeting with the SNC in order to present formally to the SNC members the 26 November text. The meeting resulted in concurrence on most of the fundamental points. In February, the draft agreements were presented to Cambodia’s neighbors, Thailand and Vietnam.
On 22 April 1991, the Secretary-General and the co-Presidents issued a joint appeal for a temporary cessation of hostilities, as a gesture of good faith, to create a favorable environment for the meeting at Jakarta of the co-Presidents and the members of the SNC. In response, the parties informed the Secretary-General that they intended to respect this appeal, voluntarily observing their first cease-fire in 12 years. At the Jakarta meeting from 4 to 6 June and at subsequent meetings in which the representative of the Secretary-General also participated, discussions in the remaining differences on the draft text were pursued. In mid-June 1991, Prince Norodom Sihanouk joined the SNC, and subsequently chaired its 24 to 26 June meeting in Pattaya, Thailand. A significant result of that meeting was the unanimous decision to call for an open-ended and unconditional cease-fire and for a halt to receiving outside military assistance. In July, at an informal meeting of the SNC in Beijing, it was agreed to elect Price Norodom Sihanouk president.
On 17 and 18 July, the Vice-Ministers of the five permanent members and the representative of Indonesia, in his capacity as co-President of the Paris Conference on Cambodia, also met in Beijing. They considered the results obtained at the SNC meetings and held a meeting with Prince Sihanouk, as President of the SNC, to exchange views on the situation and on the direction the negotiation process could be expected to take.
At its second formal meeting in Pattaya, from 26 to 29 August, the SNC considered the draft settlement agreements of November 26 1990, and, with the participation of the representative of the co-Presidents and of the Secretary-General, achieved significant progress in finding compromise solutions to most of the outstanding difficulties. This included, in particular, the question of the military arrangements during the transitional period. The SNC, through Prince Sihanouk, requested the Secretary-General to send a number of military observers to Cambodia, and to begin rehabilitation assistance for Cambodia as soon as possible.
On August 29 and 30, the Vice-Ministers of the permanent members of the Security Council and Indonesia also met in Pattaya. The progress made by the SNC, especially with respect to military matters, was considered. On 30 August, the first joint meeting of the co-Presidents, the five permanent members and the SNC was held. On 19 September, Price Sihanouk and other members of the SNC met informally with the representatives of the co-Presidents of the Paris Conference on Cambodia and with Mr. Ahmed in New York. Price Sihanouk indicated that the SNC had reached agreement on the issue of the electoral system to be used for the elections to be organized and conducted by the United Nations in Cambodia as part of the settlement agreement.
SIGNATURE OF THE AGREEMENTS
The Vice-Ministers of the five permanent members and the representative of the Indonesian co-President met in New York on 20 and 21 September to take stock of the situation. On 20 September, they held their second joint meeting with members of the SNC, at which Prince Sihanouk announced that the SNC had reached agreement on the question of the dicision-making process during the transitional period. On 21 September, the co-Presidents of the Paris Conference on Cambodia convened in New York an informal meeting of the Coordination Committee of the Conference. Following this meeting, Mr. Ahmed assisted the representatives of the co-Presidents in reviewing and revising the 26 November 1990 draft text in order to reflect the agreements reached during the preceding 10 months. The revised text was presented to the SNC on 27 September at another informal meeting held with the co-Presidents’ representatives and Mr. Ahmed. Subsequently, the co-Presidents made the revised text available to the other States participating in the Conference.
Following the visit to Cambodia at the request of the SNC of a military survey mission, the Secretary-General, on 30 September, recommended in a report to the Security Council the establishment of the United Nations Advance Mission in Cambodia (UNAMIC) to assist the Cambodian parties maintain their cease-fire, to exercise good offices and liaison functions during the period preceding the establishment of UNTAC, and to establish a mine awareness program. The Council approved the report on 16 October by its resolution 717(1991) and decided to establish UNAMIC immediately after the signing of the comprehensive settlement agreements.
The second session of the Paris Conference on Cambodia was held from 21 to 23 October 1991.The Agreements on a Comprehensive Political Settlement of the Cambodia Conflict were signed at the final meeting, on 23 October.This act marked the beginning of the transitional period in Cambodia, running up to the formation of a new Cambodian Government following free and fair elections. The Security Council expressed its full support for these Agreements on 31 October, in its resolution 718 (1991), and requested the preparation of a detailed plan of implementation.
2 . FINAL ACT OF THE PARIS CONFERENCE ON CAMBODIA
- Concerned by the tragic conflict and continuing bloodshed in Cambodia, the Paris Conference on Cambodia was convened, at the invitation of the Government of the French Republic, in order to achieve an internationally guaranteed comprehensive settlement which would restore peace to that country. The Conference was held in two sessions, the first from 30 July to 30 August 1989 and the second from 21 to 23 October 1991.
- The co-Presidents of the Conference were H. E. Mr. Roland Dumas, Minister for Foreign Affairs of the French Republic, and H. E. Mr. Ali Alatas, Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia.
- The following States participated in the Conference: Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Canada, the People’s Republic of China, the French Republic, the Republic of India, the Republic of Indonesia, Japan, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Malaysia, the Republic of the Philippine, the Republic of Singapore, the Kingdom of Thailand, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the United States of America and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.
In addition, the Non-Aligned Movement was represented at the Conference by its current chairman at each session, namely Zimbabwe at the first session and Yugoslavia at the second session - At the first session of the Conference, Cambodia was represented by the four Cambodian Parties. The Supreme National Council of Cambodia, under the leadership of its President, H. R.H. Price Nordom Sihanouk, represented Cambodia at the second session of the Conference.
- The Secretary-General of the United Nations, H. E. Mr. Javier Perez de Cuellar, and his Special Representative, Mr. Rafeeuddin Ahmed, also participated in the Conference.
- The Conference organized itself into three working committees of the whole, which met throughout the first session of the Conference. The First Committee dealt with military matters, the Second Committee dealt with the question of international guarantees, and the Third Committee with the repatriation of refugees and displaced persons and the eventual reconstruction of Cambodia.
The officers of each committee were as follows:
First Committee
Co-Chairman: Mr. C.R. Gharekhan (India) Mr. Allan Sullivan (Canada)
Rapporteur: Ms. Victoria Sisante-Bataclan ( Philippines)
Second Committee
Co-Chairman: Mr. Soulivong Pharasithideth (Laos) Mr. Dato’ Zainal Abidin Ibrahim (Malaysia)
Rapporteur: Mr. Herve Dejean de la Batie (France)
Third Committee
Co-Chairman: Mr. Yukio Imagawa (Japan) Mr. Robert Merrillees (Australia)
Rapporteur: Colonel Ronachuck Swasdikiat (Thailand)
The Conference also established an Ad Hoc Committee, composed of the representative of the four Cambodian Parties and chaired by the representatives of the two co-Presidents of the Conference, whose mandate involved matters related to national reconciliation among the Cambodian Parties. The Ad Hoc Committee held several meetings during the first session of the Conference.
The Coordination Committee of the Conference, chaired by the representatives of the two co-Presidents, was established and given responsibility for general coordination of the work of the other four committees. The Coordination Committee met at both the first and second sessions of the Conference. An informal meeting of the Coordination Committee was also held in New York on 21 September 1991. - At the conclusion of the first session, the Conference had achieved in elaborating a wide variety of elements necessary for the achievement of a comprehensive settlement of the conflict in Cambodia. The Conference noted, however, that it was not yet possible to achieve a comprehensive settlement. It was therefore decided to suspend the Conference on 30 August1989. However, in doing so, the Conference urged all parties concerned to intensify their efforts to achieve a comprehensive settlement, and asked the co-Presidents to lend their good offices to facilitate these efforts.
- Following the suspension of the first session of the Conference, the co-Presidents and the Secretary-General of the United Nations undertook extensive consultations, in particular with the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, with the Supreme Nation Council of Cambodia, and with other participants in the Paris Conference. The object of these consultations was to forge agreement on all aspects of a settlement, to ensure that all initiatives to this end were compatible and to enhance the prospects of ending the bloodshed in Cambodia at the earliest possible date. The efforts of the co-Presidents and the Secretary-General paved the way for the reconvening of the Paris Conference on Cambodia.
- At the inaugural portion of the final meeting of the Paris Conference, on 23 October 1991, the Conference was addressed by H. E. Mr. Francois Mitterrand, President of French Republic, H. R. H. Prince Norodom Sihanouk, President of the Supreme National Council of Cambodia, and H. E. Mr. Javier Perez de Cuellar, Secretary-General of the United Nations.
- At the second session, the Conference adopted the following instruments:
1. Agreement on a comprehensive political settlement of the Cambodia conflict, with annexes on the mandate for UNTAC, military matters, elections, repatriation of Cambodian refugees and displaced persons, and the principles for a new Cambodian constitution;
2. Agreement concerning the sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity and inviolability, neutrality and national unity of Cambodia; and
3. Declaration on the rehabilitation and reconstruction of Cambodia.
These instruments represent an elaboration of the “ Framework for a Comprehensive Political Settlement of the Cambodia Conflict” adopted by the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council on 28 August 1990, and of elements of the work accomplished at the first session of the Conference. They entail a continuing process of national reconciliation and an enhanced role for the United Nations, thus enabling the Cambodian people to determine their own political future through free and fair elections organized and conducted by the United Nations in a neutral political environment with full respect for the national sovereignty of Cambodia. - These instruments, which together form the comprehensive settlement the achievement of which was the objective of the Paris Conference, are being presented for signature to the States participating in the Paris Conference. On behalf of Cambodia, the instruments will be signed by the twelve members of the Supreme National Council of Cambodia, which is the unique legitimate body and source of authority enshrining the sovereignty, independence and unity of Cambodia.
- The States participating in the Conference call upon the co-Presidents of the Conference to transmit an authentic copy of the comprehensive political settlement instruments to the Secretary-General of the United Nations. The States participating in the Conference request the Secretary-General to take the appropriate steps in order to enable consideration of comprehensive settlement by the United Nations Security Council at the earliest opportunity. They pledge their full cooperation in the fulfillment of this comprehensive settlement and their assistance in its implementation.
Above all, in view of the recent tragic history of Cambodia, the States participating in the Conference commit themselves to promote and encourage respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms in Cambodia, as embodied in the relevant international instruments to which they are party. - The States participating in the Conference request the International Committee of the Red Cross to facilitate, in accordance with its principles, the release of prisoners of war and civilian internees. They express their readiness to assist the ICRC in this task.
- The States participating in the Conference invite other States to accede to the Agreement on a Comprehensive Political Settlement of the Cambodia Conflict and to the Agreement concerning the sovereignty, Independence, Territorial Integrity and Inviolability, Neutrality and National Unity of Cambodia.
- Further recognizing the need for a concerted international effort to assist Cambodia in the tasks of rehabilitation and reconstruction, the States participating in the Conference urge the international community to provide generous economic and financial support for the measures set forth in the Declaration on the Rehabilitation and Reconstruction of Cambodia.
In witness whereof the representative have signed this Final Act.
Done at Paris this twenty-third day of October thousand nine hundred and ninety one, in two copies in the Chinese, English, French, Khmer and Russian languages, each text being equally authentic. The originals of this Final Act shall be deposited with the Government of the French Republic and of the Republic of Indonesia.
3. AGREEMENT ON A COMPREHENSIVE POLITICAL SETTLEMENT OF THE CAMBODIA CONFLICT
The States participating in the Paris Conference on Cambodia, namely Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Canada, the People’s Republic of China, the French Republic, the Republic of India, the Republic of Indonesia, Japan, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Malaysia, the Republic of the Philippines, the Republic of Singapore, the Kingdom of Thailand, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the United States of America, the Socialist Republic of Vietnam and the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia,In the presence of the Secretary-General of the United Nations,
In order to maintain, preserve and defend the sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity and inviolability, neutrality and national unity of Cambodia,
Desiring to restore and maintain peace in Cambodia, to promote national reconciliation and to ensure the exercise of the right to self-determination of the Cambodian people through free and fair elections,
Convinced that only a comprehensive political settlement to the Cambodia conflict will be just and durable contribute to regional and international peace and security,
Welcoming the Framework document of 28 August 1990, which was accepted by the Cambodian Parties in its entirety as the basis for settling the Cambodia conflict, and which was subsequently unanimously endorsed by Security Council resolution 668(1990) of 20 September 1990 and General Assembly resolution 45/3 of 15 October 1990.
Noting the formation in Jakarta on 10 September1990 of the Supreme National Council of Cambodia as the unique legitimate body and source of authority in Cambodia in which, throughout the transitional period, national sovereignty and unity are enshrined, and which represents Cambodia externally.
Welcoming that unanimous election, in Beijing July 17 1991, of H. R. H. Prince Norodom Sihanouk as the President of the Supreme National Council,
Recognizing that an enhanced United Nations role requires the establishment of a United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) with civilian and military components, which will act with full respect for the national sovereignty of Cambodia.
Noting the statements made at the conclusion of the meetings held in Jakarta on 9-10 September 1990, in Paris on 21-23 December 1990, in Pattaya on 24-26 June 1991, in Beijing on 16-17 July 1991, in Pattaya on 26-29 August 1991 and also the meetings held in Jakarta on 4-6 June 1991 and in New York on 19 September 1991.
Welcoming United Nations Security Council resolution 717 (1991) of 16 October 1991 on Cambodia.
Recognizing that Cambodia’s tragic recent history requires special measures to assure protection of human rights, and the non-return to the policies and practices of the past.
Have agreed as follows:
PART I. ARRANGEMENTS DURING THE TRANSITIONAL PERIOD
SECTION I: TRANSITONAL PERIOD
Article 1 For the purposes of this Agreement, the transitional period shall commence with the entry into force of this Agreement and terminate when the constituent assembly elected through free and fair elections, organized and certified by the United Nations, has approved the constitution and transformed itself into a legislative assembly, and thereafter a new government has been created.
SECTION II: UNITED NATIONS TRANSITIONAL AUTHORITY IN CAMBODIA
Article 2
1) The Signatories invite the United Nations Security Council to establish a United Nations Transition Authority in Cambodia (hereinafter referred to as “ UNTAC”) with civilian and military components under the direct responsibility of the Secretary-General of the United Nations. For this purpose the Secretary-General will designate a Special Representative to act on his behalf.
2) The Signatories further invite the United Nations Security Council to provide UNTAC with the mandate set forth in this Agreement and to keep its implementation under continuing review through periodic reports submitted by the Secretary-General.
SECTION III: SUPREME NATIONAL COUNCIL
Article 3
The Supreme National Council( hereinafter referred to as “ the SNC”) is the unique legitimate body and source of authority in which, throughout the transitional period, the sovereignty, independence and unity of Cambodia are enshrined.
Article 4
The members of the SNC shall be committed to the holding of free and fair elections organized and conducted by the United Nations as the basis for forming a new and legitimate Government.
Article 5
The SNC shall, throughout the transitional period, represent Cambodia externally and occupy the seat of Cambodia at the United Nations, in the United Nations specialized agencies, and in other international institutions and international conferences.
Article 6The SNC hereby delegates to the United Nations all powers necessary to ensure the implementation of this Agreement, as described in annex 1.
In order to ensure a neutral political environment conducive to free and fair general elections, administrative agencies, bodies and offices which could directly influence the outcome of elections will be placed under direct United Nations supervision or control. In that context, special attention will be given to foreign affairs, national defence, finance, public security and information. To reflect the importance of these subjects, UNTAC needs to exercise such control as is necessary to ensure the strict neutrality of the bodies responsible for them. The United Nations, in consultation with the SNC, will identify which agencies, bodies and offices could continue to operate in order to ensure normal day-to-day life in the country.
Article 7
The relationship between the SNC, UNTAC and existing administrative structures is set forth in annex 1.
SECTION IV: WITHDRAWAL OF FOREIGN FORCES AND ITS VERIFICATION
Article 8
Immediately upon entry into force of this Agreement, any foreign forces, advisers, and military personnel remaining in Cambodia, together with their weapons, ammunition, and equipment, shall be withdrawn from Cambodia and not be returned. Such withdrawal and non-return will be subject to UNTAC verification in accordance with annex 2.
SECTION V: CEASE-FIRE AND CESSATION OF OUTSIDE MILITARY ASSISTANCE
Article 9The cease-fire shall take effect at the time this Agreement enters into force. All force shall immediately disengage and refrain form all hostilities and from any deployment, movement or action which would extend the territory they control or which might lead to renewed fighting.
The Signatories hereby invite the Security Council of the United Nations to request the Secretary-General to provide good offices to assist in this process until such time as the military component of UNTAC is in position to supervise, monitor and verify it.
Article 10
Upon entry into force of this Agreement, there shall be an immediate cessation of all outside military assistance to all Cambodian Parties.
Article 11
The objectives of military arrangements during the transitional period shall be to stabilize the security situation and build confidence among the parties to the conflict, so as to reinforce the purposes of this Agreement and to prevent the risks of a return to warfare.
Detailed provisions regarding UNTAC’s supervision, monitoring, and verification of the cease-fire and related measures, including verification of the withdrawal of foreign forces and the regrouping, cantonment and ultimate disposition of all Cambodian forces and their weapons during the transitional period are set forth in annex 1, section C, and annex 2.
PART II: ELECTIONS
Article 12
The Cambodian people shall have the right to determine their own political future through the free and fair election of a constituent assembly, which will draft and approve a new Cambodian Constitution in accordance with Article 23 and transform itself into a legislative assembly, which will create the new Cambodian Government. This election will be held under United Nations auspices in a neutral political environment with full respect for the national sovereignty of Cambodia.
Article 13
UNTAC shall be responsible for the organization and conduct of these elections based on the provisions of annex1, section D, and annex 3.
Article 14
All Signatories commit themselves to respect the results of these elections once certified as free and fair by the United Nations.
PART III: HUMAN RIGHTS
Article 15
1) All persons in Cambodia and all Cambodian refugees and displaced persons shall enjoy the rights and freedoms embodied in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other relevant international human rights instruments.Article 16
2) TO this end,
a) Cambodia undertakes:
b) the other Signatories to this Agreement undertake to promote and encourage respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms in Cambodia as embodied in the relevant international instruments and the relevant resolutions of the United Nations General Assembly, in order, in particular, to prevent the recurrence of human rights abuses.
- To ensure respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms in Cambodia;
- To support the right of all Cambodian citizens to undertake activities which would promote and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms;
- To take effective measures to ensure that the policies and practices of the past shall never be allowed to return;
- To adhere to relevant international human rights instruments;
UNTAC shall be responsible during the transitional period for fostering an environment in which respect for human rights shall be ensured, based on the provisions of annex 1, section E.
Article 17
After the end of the transitional period, the United Nations Commission on Human Rights should continue to monitor closely the human rights situation in Cambodia, including, if necessary, by the appointment of a Special Rapporteur who would report his findings annually to the Commission and to the General Assembly.
PART IV: INTERNATIONAL GUARANTEES
Article 18
Cambodia undertakes to maintain, preserve and defend, and the other Signatories undertake to recognize and respect, the sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity and inviolability, neutrality and national unity of Cambodia, as set forth in a separate Agreement.
PART V: REFUGEES AND DISPLACED PERSONS
Article 19
Upon entry into force of this Agreement, every effort will be made to create in Cambodia political, economic and social conditions conducive to the voluntary return and harmonious integration of Cambodian refugees and displaced persons.
Article 20
1) Cambodian refugees and displaced persons, located outside Cambodia, shall have the right to return to Cambodia and to live in safety, security and dignity, free from intimidation or coercion of any kind.
2) The Signatories request the Secretary-General of the United Nations to facilitate the repatriation in safety and dignity of Cambodian refugees and displaced persons, as an integral part of the comprehensive political settlement and under the overall authority of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General, in accordance with the guidelines and principles on the repatriation of refugees and displaced persons as set forth in annex 4.
PART VI: RELEASE OF PRISONERS OF WAR AND CIVILIAN INTERNEES
Article 21
The release of all prisoners of war and civilian internees shall be accomplished at the earliest possible date under the direction of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) in coordination with the Special Representative of the Secretary-General, with the assistance, as necessary, of other appropriate international humanitarian organizations and the Signatories.
Article 22 The expression “ civilian internees” refers to all persons who are not prisoners of war and who, having contributed in any way whatsoever to the armed or political struggle, have been arrested or detained by any of the parties by virtue of their contribution thereto.
PART VII: PRINCIPLES FOR A NEW CONSTITUTION FOR CAMBODIA
Article 23
Basic principles, including those regarding human rights and fundamental freedoms as well as regarding Cambodia’s status of neutrality, which the new Cambodian Constitution will incorporate, are set forth in annex 5.
PART VIII: REHABILITATION AND RECONSTRUCTION
Article 24
The Signatories urge the international community to provide economic and financial support for the rehabilitation and reconstruction of Cambodia, as provided in a separated declaration.
PART IX: FINAL PROVISIONS
Article 25
The Signatories shall, in good faith and in a spirit of cooperation, resolve through peaceful means any disputes with respect to the implementation of this Agreement.
Article 26
The Signatories request other States, international organizations and other bodies to cooperate and assist in the implementation of this Agreement and in the fulfillment by UNTAC of its mandate.
Article 27
The Signatories shall provide their full cooperation to the United Nations to ensure the implementation of its mandate, including by the provision of privileges and immunities, and by facilitating freedom of movement and communication within and through their respective territories.Article 28
In carrying out its mandate, UNTAC shall exercise due respect for the sovereignty of all States neighboring Cambodia.
1) The Signatories shall comply in good faith with all obligations undertaken in this Agreement and shall extend full cooperation to the United Nations, including the provision of the information which UNTAC requires in the fulfillment of its mandate.Article 29
2) The signature on behalf of Cambodia by the members of the SNC shall commit all Cambodian parties and armed forces to the provisions of this Agreement.
Without prejudice to the prerogatives of the Security Council of the United Nations, and upon the request of the Secretary-General, the two co-Chairmen of the Paris Conference on Cambodia, in the event of a violation or threat of violation of this Agreement, will immediately undertake appropriate consultations, including with members of the Paris Conference on Cambodia, with a view to taking appropriate steps to ensure respect for these commitments.
Article 30
This Agreement shall enter into force upon signature.
Article 31
This Agreement shall remain open for accession by all States. The instruments of accession shall be deposited with the Governments of the French Republic and the Republic of Indonesia. For each State acceding to the Agreement it shall enter into force on the date of deposit of its instruments of accession. Acceding States shall be bound by the same obligations as the Signatories.
Article 32
The originals of this Agreement, of which the Chinese, English, French, Khmer and Russian texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited with the Governments of the French Republic and the Republic of Indonesia, which shall transmit certified true copies to the Governments of the other States participating in the Paris Conference on Cambodia, as well as the Secretary-General of the United Nations.
In witness whereof the undersigned Plenipotentiaries, being duly authorized there-to, have signed this Agreement.
Done at Paris this twenty-third day of October, one thousand nine hundred and ninety-one.
ANNEX 1 UNTAC MANDATE
SECTION A: GENERAL PROCEDURES
1: In accordance with Article 6 of the Agreement, UNTAC will exercise the powers necessary to ensure the implementation of this Agreement, including those relating to the organization and conduct of free and fair elections and the relevant aspects of the administration of Cambodia.
2: The following mechanism will be used to resolve all issues relating to the implementation of this Agreement which may arise between the Secretary-General’s Special Representative and the Supreme Nation Council (SNC):
a) The SNC offers advice to UNTAC, which will comply with this advice provided there is a consensus among the members of the SNC and provided this advice is consistent with the objectives of the present Agreement;3: The Secretary-General’s Special Representative or his delegate will attend the meetings of the SNC and of any subsidiary body which might be established by it and give its members all necessary information on the decisions taken by UNTAC.
b) If there is no consensus among the members of the SNC despite every endeavour of its President, H. R. H. Samdech Norodom Sihanouk, the President will be entitled to make the decision on what advice to offer to UNTAC, taking fully into account the views expressed in the SNC. UNTAC will comply with the advice provided it is consistent with the objectives of the present Agreement;
c) If H. R. H. Samdech Norodom Sihanouk, President of the SNC, the legitimate representative of Cambodian sovereignty, is not, for whatever reason, in a position to make such a decision, his power of decision will transfer to the Secretary-General’s Special Representative. The Special Representative will make the final decision, taking fully into account the views expressed in the SNC;
d) Any power to act regarding the implementation of this Agreement conferred upon the SNC by the Agreement will be exercised by consensus or, failing such consensus, by its President in accordance with the procedure set out above. In the event that H. R. H. Samdech Norodom Sihanouk, President of the SNC, the legitimate representative of Cambodia sovereignty, is not, for whatever reason, in a position to act, his power to act will transfer to the Secretary-General’s Special Representative, who may take the necessary action;
e) In all cases, the Secretary-General’s Special Representative will determine whether advice or action of the SNC is consistent with the present Agreement.
SECTION B: CIVIL ADMINSTRATION
1: In accordance with Article 6 of the Agreement, all administrative agencies, bodies and offices acting in the field of foreign affairs, national defence, finance, public security and information will be placed under the direct control of UNTAC, which will exercise it as necessary to ensure strict neutrality. In this respect, the Secretary-General’s Special Representative will determine what is necessary and may issue directives to the above-mentioned administrative agencies, bodies and offices. Such directives may be issued to and will bind all Cambodian Parties.
2: In accordance with Article 6 of the Agreement, the Secretary-General’s Special Representative, in consultation with the SNC, will determine which other administrative agencies, bodies and offices could directly influence the outcome of elections. These administrative agencies, bodies and offices will be placed under direct supervision or control of UNTAC and will comply with any guidance provided by it.
3: In accordance with Article 6 of the Agreement, the Secretary-General’s Special Representative, in consultation with the SNC, will identify which administrative agencies, bodies and offices could continue to operate in order to ensure normal day-to-day life in Cambodia, if necessary, under such supervision by UNTAC as it considers necessary.
4: In accordance with Article 6 of the Agreement, the authority of the Secretary-General’s Special Representative will include the power to:
a) Install in administrative agencies, bodies and offices of all the Cambodian Parties United Nations personnel, who will have unrestricted access to all administrative operations and information.5: a) On the basis of the information provided in Article 1, paragraph 3, of annex 2, the Special Representative of the Secretary-General will determine, after consultation with the Cambodian Parties, those civil police necessary to perform law enforcement in Cambodia. All Cambodian Parties hereby undertake to comply with the determination made by the Special Representative in this regard.
b) Require the reassignment or removal of any personnel of such administrative agencies, bodies and offices.
5:b) All civil police will operate under UNTAC supervision or control, in order to ensure that law and order are maintained effectively and impartially, and that human rights and fundamental freedoms are fully protected. In consultation with the SNC, UNTAC will supervise other law enforcement and judicial processes throughout Cambodia to the extent necessary to ensure the attainment of these objectives.
6: If the Secretary-General’s Special Representative deems it necessary, UNTAC, in consultation with the SNC, will undertake investigations of complaints and allegations regarding actions by the existing administrative structures in Cambodia that are consistent with or work against the objectives of this comprehensive political settlement. UNTAC will also be empowered to undertake such investigation on its own initiative. UNTAC will take, when necessary, appropriate corrective steps.
SECTION C: MILITARY FUNCTIONS
1: UNTAC will supervise, monitor and verify the withdrawal of foreign forces, the cease-fire and related measures in accordance with annex 2, including:
a) Verification of the withdrawal from Cambodia of all categories of foreign forces, advisers and military personnel and their weapons, ammunition and equipment, and their non-return to Cambodia.2: UNTAC will supervise the regrouping and relocating of all forces to specifically designated cantonment areas on the basis of an operational timetable to be agreed upon, in accordance with annex 2.
b) Liaison with neighboring Governments over any developments in or near their territory that could endanger the implementation of this Agreement.
c) Monitoring the cessation of outside military assistance to all Cambodian Parties.
d) Locating and confiscating caches of weapons and military supplies throughout the country.
e) Assisting with clearing mines and undertaking training programmes in mine clearance and a mine awareness program among the Cambodian people.
3: As the forces enter the cantonments, UNTAC will initiate the process of arms control and reduction specified in annex 2.
4: UNTAC will take necessary steps regarding the phased process of demobilization of the military forces of the parties, in accordance with annex 2.
5: UNTAC will assist, as necessary, the International Committee of the Red Cross in the release of all prisoners of war and civilian internees.
SECTION D: ELECTIONS
1: UNTAC will organize and conduct the election referred to in Part II of this Agreement in accordance with this section and annex 3.
2: UNTAC may consult with the SNC regarding the organization and conduct of the electoral process.
3: In the exercise of its responsibilities in relation to the electoral process, the specific authority of UNTAC will include the following:4: In carrying out its responsibilities under the present section, UNTAC will establish a system of safeguards to assist it in ensuring the absence of fraud during the electoral process, including arrangements for Cambodian representatives to observe the registration and polling procedures and the provision of an UNTAC mechanism for hearing and deciding complaints.
a) The establishment, in consultation with the SNC, of a system of laws, procedures and administrative measures necessary for the holding of a free and fair election in Cambodia, including the adoption of an electoral law and of a code of conduct regulating participation in the election in a manner consistent with respect for human rights and prohibiting coercion or financial inducement in order to influence voter preference;
b) The suspension or abrogation, in consultation with the SNC, of provisions of existing laws which could defeat the objects and purposes of this Agreement;
c) The design and implementation of a voter education program, covering all aspects of the election, to support the election process;
d) The design and implementation of a system of voter registration, as s first phase of the electoral process, to ensure that eligible voters have the opportunity to register, and the subsequent preparation of verified voter registration lists;
e) The design and implementation of a system of registration of political parties and lists of candidates;
f) Ensuring fair access to the media, including press, television and radio, for all political parties contesting in the elections;
g) The adoption and implementation of measures to monitor and facilitate the participation of Cambodians in the elections, the political campaign and the balloting procedures;
h) The design and implementation of a system of balloting and polling, to ensure that registered voters have the opportunity to vote;
i) The establishment, in consultation with the SNC, of coordinated arrangements to facilitate the presence of foreign observers wishing to observe the campaign and voting;
j) Overall direction of polling and the vote count;
k) The identification and investigation of complaints of electoral irregularities, and the taking of appropriate corrective action;
l) Determining whether or not the election was free and fair and, if so, certification of the list of persons duly elected;
5: The timetable for the various phases of the electoral process will be determined by UNTAC, in consultation with the SNC as provided in paragraph 2 of this section. The duration of the electoral process will not exceed mine months from the commencement of voter registration.
6: In organizing and conducting the electoral process, UNTAC will make every effort to ensure that the system and procedures adopted are absolutely impartial, while the operational arrangements are as administratively simple and efficient as possible.
SECTION E: HUMAN RIGHTS
In accordance with Article 16, UNTAC will make provision for:
a) The development and implementation of a programme of human rights education to promote respect for and understanding of human rights.
b) General human rights oversight during the transitional period.
c) The investigation of human rights complaints, and, where appropriate, corrective action.
ANNEX 2 WITHDRAWAL CEASE-FIRE AND RELATED MEASURES
Article I: Cease-fire
1: All Cambodian Parties (hereinafter referred to as “ the Parties”) agree to observe a comprehensive cease-fire on land and water and in the air. This cease-fire will be implemented in two phases. During the first phase, the cease-fire will be observed with the assistance of the Secretary-General of the United Nations through his good offices. During the second phase, which should commence as soon as possible, the cease-fire will be supervised, monitored and verified by UNTAC. The Commander of the military component of UNTAC, in consultation with the Parties, shall determine the exact time and date at which the second phase will commence. This date will be set at least four weeks in advance of its coming into effect.
2: The Parties undertake that, upon the signing of this Agreement, they will observe a cease-fire and will order their armed force immediately to disengage and refrain from all hostilities and any deployment, movement or action that would extend the territory they control or that might lead to as resumption of fighting, pending the commencement of the second phase. “ Forces” are agreed to include all regular, provincial, district, paramilitary and other auxiliary forces. During the first phase, the Secretary-General of the United Nations will provide his good offices to the Parties to assist them in its observance. The Parties undertake to cooperate with the Secretary-General or his representatives in the exercise of his good offices in this regard.
3: The Parties agree that, immediately upon the signing of this Agreement, the following information will be provided to the United Nations:
a) Total strength of their forces, organization, precise number and location of deployments inside and outside Cambodia. The deployment will be depicted on a map marked with locations of all troop positions, occupied or unoccupied, including staging camps, supply bases and supply routes;4: Immediately upon his arrival in Cambodia, and not later than four weeks before the beginning of the second phase, the Commander of the military component of UNTAC will, in consultation with the Parties, finalize UNTAC’s plan for the regroupment and cantonment of the forces of the Parties and for the storage of their arms, ammunition and equipment, in accordance with Article III of this annex. This plan will include the designation of regroupment and cantonment areas, as well as an agreed timetable. The cantonment areas will be established at battalion size or larger.
b) Comprehensive lists of arms, ammunition and equipment held by their forces, and the exact locations at which those arms, ammunition and equipment are deployed;
c) Detailed record of their minefields, including types and characteristics of mines laid and information of booby traps used by them together with any information available to them about minefields laid or booby traps use by the other Parties;
d) Total strength of their police forces, organization, precise numbers and locations of deployments as well as comprehensive lists of their arms, ammunition and equipment and the exact locations at which those arms, ammunition and equipment are deployed.
5: The Parties agree to take steps to inform their forces at least two weeks before the beginning of the second phase, using all possible means of communication, about the agreed date and time of the beginning of the second phase, about the agreed plan for the regroupment and cantonment of their forces and for the storage of their arms, ammunition and equipment and, in particular, about the exact locations of the regroupment areas to which their forces are to report. Such information will continue to be disseminated for a period of four weeks after the beginning of the second phase.
6: The parties shall scrupulously observe the cease-fire and will not resume any hostilities by land, water or air. The commanders of their armed forces will ensure that all troops under their command remain on their respective positions, pending their movement to the designated regroupment areas, and refrain from all hostilities and from any deployment or movement or action which would extend the territory they control or which might lead to a resumption of fighting.
Article II: Liaison system and Mixed Military Working Group
A Mixed Military Working Group (MMWG) will be established with a view to resolving any problems that may arise in the observance of the cease-fire. It will be chaired by the most senior United Nations military officer in Cambodia or his representative. Each Party agrees to designate an officer of the rank of brigadier or equivalent to serve on the MMWG. Its composition, method of operation and meeting places will be determined by the most senior United Nations military officer in consultation with the Parties. Similar liaison arrangements will be made at lower military command levels to resolve practical problems on the ground.
Article III: Regroupment and cantonment of the forces of the Parties and storage of their arms, ammunition and equipment
1: In accordance with the operational timetable referred to in paragraph 4 of Article 1 of the present annex, all forces of the Parties that are not already in designated cantonment areas will report to designated regroupment areas, which will be established and operated by the military component of UNTAC. These regroupment areas will be established and operational not later than one week prior to the date of the beginning of the second phase. The Parties agree to arrange for all their forces, with all their arms, ammunition and equipment, to report to regroupment areas within two weeks after the beginning of the second phase. All personnel who have reported to the regroupment areas will thereafter be escorted by personnel of the military component of UNTAC, with their arms, ammunition and equipment, to designated cantonment areas. All Parties agree to ensure that personnel reporting to the regroupment areas will be able to do so in full safety and without any hindrance.
2: On the basis of the information provided in accordance with paragraph 3 of Article 1 of the present annex, UNTAC will confirm that the regroupment and cantonment processes have been completed in accordance with the plan referred to in paragraph 4 of Article 1 of this annex. UNTAC will endeavour to complete these processes within four weeks from the date of the beginning of the second phase. On the completion of regroupment of all forces and of their movement to cantonment areas, respectively, the Commander of the military component of UNTAC will so inform each of the four Parties.
3: The Parties agree that, as their forces enter the designated cantonment areas, their personnel will be instructed by their commanders to immediately hand over all their arms, ammunition and equipment to UNTAC for storage in the custody of UNTAC.
4: UNTAC will check the arms, ammunition and equipment handed over to it against the lists referred to in paragraph 3. b) of Article 1 of this annex, in order to verify that all the arms, ammunition and equipment in the possession of the Parties have been placed under its custody.
Article IV: Resupply of forces during cantonment
The military component of UNTAC will supervise the resupply of all forces of the Parties during the regroupment and cantonment processes. Such resupply will be confined to items of a non-lethal nature such as food, water, clothing and medical supplies as well as provision of medical care.
Article V: Ultimate disposition of the forces of the Parties and of their arms, ammunition and equipment
1: In order to reinforce the objectives of a comprehensive political settlement, minimize the risks of a return to warfare, stabilize the security situation and build confidence among the Parties to the conflict, all Parties agree to undertake a phased and balanced process of demobilization of at least 70 percent of their military forces. This process shall be undertaken in accordance with a detailed plan to be drawn up by UNTAC on the basis of the information provided under Article 1 of this annex and in consultation with the Parties. It should be completed prior to the end of the process of registration for the elections and on a date to be determined by the Special Representative of the Secretary-General.
2: The Cambodian Parties hereby commit themselves to demobilize all their remaining forces before or shortly after the elections and, to the extent that full demobilization is unattainable, to respect and abide by whatever decision the newly elected government that emerges in accordance with Article 12 of this Agreement takes with regard to the incorporation of parts or all of those forces into a new national army. Upon completion of the demobilization referred to in paragraph 1, the Cambodian Parties and the Special Representative of the Secretary-General shall undertake a review regarding the final disposition of the force remaining in the cantonments, with a view to determining which of the following shall apply:
a) If the Parties agree to proceed with the demobilization of all or some of the force remaining in the cantonments, preferably prior to or otherwise shortly after the elections, the Special Representative shall prepare a timetable for so doing, in consultation with them.
b) Should total demobilization of all of the residual forces before or shortly after the elections not be possible, the Parties hereby undertake to make available all of their forces remaining in cantonments to the newly elected government that emerges in accordance with Article 12 of this Agreement, for consideration for incorporation into a new national army. They further agree that any such forces are not incorporated into the new national army will be demobilized forthwith according to a plan to be prepared by the Special Representative. With regard to the ultimate disposition of the remaining forces and all the arms, ammunition and equipment, UNTAC, as it withdraws from Cambodia, shall retain such authority as is necessary to ensure an orderly transfer to the newly elected government of those responsibilities it has exercised during the transitional period.
3: UNTAC will assist, as required, with the reintegration into civilian life of the force demobilized prior to the elections.
4: a) UNTAC will control and guard all the arms, ammunition and equipment of the Parties throughout the transitional period.
4: b) As the cantonment forces are demobilized in accordance with paragraph 1 above, there will be a parallel reduction by UNTAC of the arms, ammunition and equipment stored on site in the cantonment areas. For the forces remaining in the cantonment areas, access to their arms, ammunition and equipment shall only be on the basis of the explicit authorization of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General.
4: c) If there is a further demobilization of the military forces in accordance with paragraph 2. a) above, there will be a commensurate reduction by UNTAC of the arms, ammunition and equipment stored on site in the cantonment areas.
4: d) The ultimate disposition of all arms, ammunition and equipment will be determined by the government that emerges through the free and fair elections in accordance with Article 12 of this Agreement.
Article VI: Verification of withdrawal from Cambodia and non-return of all categories of foreign forces
1: UNTAC shall be provided, no later than two weeks before the commencement of the second phase of the cease-fire, with detailed information in writing regarding the withdrawal of foreign forces. This information shall include the following elements:
a) Total strength of these forces and their organization and deployment.2: On the basis of the information provided in accordance with paragraph 1 above, UNTAC will undertake an investigation in the manner it deems appropriate. The Party providing the information will be required to make personnel available to accompany UNTAC investigations.
b) Comprehensive lists of arms, ammunition and equipment held by these forces, and their exact locations.
c) Withdrawal plan (already implemented or to be implemented), including withdrawal routes, border crossing points and time of departure from Cambodia.
3: Upon confirmation of the presence of any foreign forces, UNTAC will immediately deploy military personnel with the foreign forces and accompany them until they have withdrawn from Cambodia territory. UNTAC will also establish checkpoints on withdrawal routes, border crossing points and airfields to verify the withdrawal and ensure the non-return of all categories of foreign forces.
4: The Mixed Military Working Group (MMWG) provided for in Article II of these annex will assist UNTAC in fulfilling the above-mentioned tasks.
Article VII: Cessation of outside military assistance to all Cambodian Parties
1: All Parties undertake, from the time of the signing of this Agreement, not to obtain or seek any outside military assistance, including weapons, ammunition and military equipment from outside sources.
2: The Signatories whose territory is adjacent to Cambodia, namely, the Governments of the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, the Kingdom of Thailand and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, undertake to:
a) Prevent the territories of their respective States, including land territory, territorial sea and air space, from being used for the purpose of providing any form of military assistance to any of the Cambodian Parties. Resupply of such items as food, water, clothing and medical supplies through their territories will be allowed, but shall, without prejudice to the provisions of sub-paragraph c) below, be subject to UNTAC supervision upon arrival in Cambodia.3: To enable UNTAC to monitor the cessation of outside assistance to all Cambodian Parties, the Parties agree that, upon signature of this Agreement, they will provide to UNTAC any information available to them about the routes and means by which military assistance, including weapons, ammunition and military equipment, have been supplied to any of the Parties. Immediately after the second phase of the cease-fire begins, UNTAC will take the following practical measures:
b) Provide written confirmation to the Commander of the military component of UNTAC, not later than four weeks after the second phase of the cease-fire begins, that no forces, arms, ammunition or military equipment of any of the Cambodian Parties are present on their territories.
c) Receive an UNTAC liaison officer in each of their capitals and designate an officer of the rank of colonel or equivalent, not later than four weeks after the beginning of the second phase of the cease-fire, in order to assist UNTAC in investigating, with due respect for their sovereignty, any complaints that activities are taking place on their territories that are contrary to the provisions of the comprehensive political settlement.
a) Establish checkpoints along the routes and at selected locations along the Cambodian side of the border and at airfields inside Cambodia.
b) Patrol the coastal inland waterways of Cambodia.
c) Maintain mobile teams at strategic locations within Cambodia to patrol and investigate allegations of supply of arms to any of the Parties.
Article VII: Caches of weapons and military supplies
1: In order to stabilize the security situation, build confidence and reduce arms and military supplies throughout Cambodia, each Party agrees to provide to the Commander of the military component of UNTAC, before a date to be determined by him, all information at is disposal, including marked maps, about known or suspected caches of weapons and military supplies throughout Cambodia.
2: On the basis of information received, the military component of UNTAC shall, after the date referred to in paragraph 1, deploy verification teams to investigate each report and destroy each cache found.
Article IX: Unexploded ordnance devices
1: Soon after arrival in Cambodia, the military component of UNTAC shall ensure, as a first step, that all known minefields are clearly marked.
2: The Parties agree that, after completion of the regroupment and cantonment
processes in accordance with Article III of the present annex, they will make available mine-clearing teams which, under the supervision and control of UNTAC military personnel, will leave the cantonment areas in order to assist in removing, disarming or deactivating remaining unexploded ordnance devices. Those mines or objects which cannot be removed, disarmed or deactivated will be clearly marked in accordance with a system to be devised by the military component of UNTAC.
3: UNTAC shall: a) Conduct a mass public education programme in the recognition and avoidance of explosive devices.
b) Train Cambodian volunteers to dispose of unexploded ordnance devices.
c) Provide emergency first-aid training to Cambodian volunteers.
Article X: Investigation of violations
1: After the beginning of the second phase, upon receipt of any information or complaint from one of the Parties relating to a possible case of non-compliance with any of the provisions of the present annex or related provisions, UNTAC will undertake an investigation in the manner which it deems appropriate. Where the investigation takes place in response to a complaint by one of the Parties, that Party will be required to make personnel available to accompany the UNTAC investigators. The results of such investigation will be conveyed by UNTAC to the complaining Party and the Party complained against, and if necessary to the SNC.
2: UNTAC will also carry out investigations on its own initiative in other cases when it has reason to believe or suspect that a violation of this annex or related provisions may be taking place.
Article XI: Release of prisoners of war
The military component of UNTAC will provide assistance as required to the International Committee of the Red Cross in the latter’s discharge of its functions relating to the release of prisoners of war.
Article XII: Repatriation and resettlement of displaced Cambodians.
The military component of UNTAC will provide assistance as necessary in the repatriation of Cambodian refugees and displaced persons carried out in accordance with Article 19 and 20 of this Agreement, in particular in the clearing of mines from repatriation routes, reception centers and resettlement areas, as well as in the protection of the reception centres.
ANNEX 3 ELECTIONS
1: The constituent assembly referred to in Article 12 of the Agreement shall consist of 120 members. Within three months from the date of the election, it shall complete its tasks of drafting and adopting a new Cambodian Constitution and transform itself into a legislative assembly who will form a new Cambodian Government.2: The election referred to in Article 12 of the Agreement will be held throughout Cambodia on a provincial basis in accordance with a system of proportional representation on the basis of lists of candidates put forward by political parties.
3: All Cambodians, including those who at the time of signature of this Agreement are Cambodian refugees and displaced persons, will have the same rights, freedoms and opportunities to take part in the electoral process.
4: Every person who has reached the age of eighteen at the time of application to register, or who turns eighteen during the registration period, and who either was born in Cambodia or is the child of a person born in Cambodia, will be eligible to vote in the election.
5: Political parties may be formed by any group of five thousand registered voters. Party platforms shall be consistent with the principles and objectives of the Agreement on a comprehensive political settlement.
6: Party affiliation will be required in order to stand for election to the constituent assembly. Political parties will present lists of candidates standing for election on their behalf, who will be registered voters.
7: Political parties and candidates will be registered in order to stand for election. UNTAC will confirm that political parties and candidates meet the established criteria in order to qualify for participation in the election. Adherence to a Code of Conduct established by UNTAC in consultation with the SNC will be a condition for such participation.
8: Voting will be by secret ballot, with provision made to assist those who are disabled or who cannot read or write.
9: The freedoms of speech, assembly and movement will be fully respected. All registered political parties will enjoy fair access to the media, including the press, television and radio.
ANNEX 4 REPATRIATION OF CAMBODIAN REFUGEES AND DISPLACED PERSONS
PART I: INTRODUCTION
1: As part of the comprehensive political settlement, every assistance will need to be given to Cambodian refugees and displaced persons as well as to countries of temporary refuge and the country of origin in order to facilitate the voluntary return of all Cambodian refugees and displaced persons in a peaceful and orderly manner. It must also be ensured that there would be no residual problems for the countries of temporary refuges. The country of origin with responsibility towards its own people will accept their return as conditions become conducive.
PART II: CONDITIONS CONDUCIVE TO THE RETURN OF REFUGEES AND DIPLACED PERSONS
2: The task of rebuilding the Cambodian nation will require the harnessing of all its human and natural resources. To this end, the return to the place of their choice of Cambodian from their temporary refuge and elsewhere outside their country of origin will make a major contribution.
3: Every effort should be made to ensure that the conditions which have led to a large number of Cambodian refugees and displaced persons seeking refuge in other countries should not recur. Nevertheless, some Cambodian refugees and displaced persons will wish and be able to return spontaneously to their homeland.
4: There must be full respect for the human rights and fundamental freedoms of all Cambodians, including those of the repatriated refugees and displaced persons, in recognition of their entitlement to live in peace and security, free from intimidation and coercion of any kind. These rights would include, inter alia, freedom of movement within Cambodia, the choice of domicile and employment, and the right to property.
5: In accordance with the comprehensive political settlement, every effort should be made to create concurrently in Cambodia political, economic and social conditions conducive to the return and harmonious integration of the Cambodian refugees and displaced persons.
6: With a view to ensuring that refugees and displaced persons participate in the elections, mass repatriation should commence and be completed as soon as possible, taking into account all the political, humanitarian, logistical, technical and socio-economic factors involved, and with the cooperation of the SNC.
7: Repatriation of Cambodia refugees and displaced persons should be voluntary and their decision should be taken in full possession of the facts. Choice of destination within Cambodia should be that of the individual. The unity of the family must be preserved.
PART III: OPERATION FACTORS
8: Consistent with respect for principles of national sovereignty in the countries of temporary refuge and origin, and in close cooperation with the countries of temporary refuge and origin, full access by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), ICRC and other relevant international agencies should be guaranteed to all Cambodian refugees and displaced persons, with a view to the agencies undertaking the census, tracing, medical assistance, food, distribution and other activities vital to the discharge of their mandate and operation responsibilities; such access should also be provided in Cambodia to enable the relevant international organizations to carry out their traditional monitoring as well as operational responsibilities.
9: In the context of the comprehensive political settlement, the Signatories note with satisfaction that the Secretary-General of the United Nations has entrusted UNHCR with the role of leadership and coordination among intergovernmental agencies assisting with the repatriation and relief of Cambodian refugees and displaced persons. The Signatories look to all non-governmental organizations to coordinate as much as possible their work for the Cambodian refugees and displaced persons with that of UNHCR.
10: The SNC, the Governments of the countries in which the Cambodian refugees and displaced persons have sought temporary refuge, and the countries which contribute to the repatriation and integration effort will wish to monitor closely and facilitate the repatriation of the returnees. An ad hoc consultative body should be established for a limited term for these purposes. The UNHCR, the ICRC, and other international agencies as appropriate, as well as UNTAC, would be invited to join as full participants.
11: Adequately monitored short-term repatriation assistance should be provided on an impartial basis to enable the families and individuals returning to Cambodia to establish their lives and livelihoods harmoniously in their society. These interim measures would be phased out and replaced in the longer term by the reconstruction programme.
12: Those responsible for organizing and supervising the repatriation operation will need to ensure that conditions of security are created for the movement of the refugees and displaced persons. In this respect, it is imperative that appropriate border crossing points and routes be designated and cleared of mines and other hazards.
13: The international community should contribute generously to the financial requirements of the repatriation operation.
ANNEX 5 PRICIPLES FOR A NEW CONSTITUTION FOR CAMBODIA
1: The constitution will be the supreme law of the land. It may be amended only by a designated process involving legislative approval, popular referendum, of both.
2: Cambodia’s tragic recent history requires special measures to assure protection of human rights. Therefore, the constitution will contain a declaration of fundamental rights, including the rights of life, personal liberty, security, freedom of movement, freedom of religion, assembly and association including political parties and trade unions, due process and equality before the law, protection from arbitrary deprivation of property or deprivation of private property without just compensation, and freedom from racial, ethnic, religious or sexual discrimination. It will prohibit the retroactive application of criminal law. The declaration will be consistent with the provisions of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other relevant international instruments. Aggrieved individuals will be entitled to have the courts adjudicate and enforce these rights.
3: The constitution will declare Cambodia’s status as a sovereign, independent and neutral State, and the national unity of Cambodian people.
4: The constitution will state that Cambodia will follow a system of liberal democracy, on the basis of pluralism. It will provide for periodic and genuine elections. It will provide for the right to vote and to be elected by universal and equal suffrage. It will provide for voting by secret ballot, with a requirement that electoral procedures provide a full and fair opportunity to organize and participate in the electoral process.
5: An independent judiciary will be established, empowered to enforce the rights provided under the constitution.
6: The constitution will be adopted by a two-thirds majority of the members of the constituent assembly.
4. AGREEMENT CONCERNING THE SOVEREIGNTY, INDEPENDENCE, TERRITORAL INTEGRITY AND INVIOLABILITY, NEUTRALITY AND NATIONAL UNITY OF CAMBODIA
Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Canada, the People’s Republic of China, the French Republic, the Republic of India, the Republic of Indonesia, Japan, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Malaysia, the Republic of the Philippines, the Republic of Singapore, the Kingdom of Thailand, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the United States of America, the Socialist Republic of Vietnam and the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
In the presence of the Secretary-General of the United Nations:
Convinced that a comprehensive political settlement for Cambodia is essential for the long-term objective of maintaining peace and security in South-East Asia.
Recalling their obligations under the Charter of the United Nations and other rules of international law.
Considering that full observance of the principles of non-interference and non-intervention in the internal and external affairs of States is of the greatest importance for the maintenance of international peace and security.
Reaffirming the inalienable right of States freely to determine their own political, economic, cultural and social systems in accordance with the will of their peoples, without outside interference, subversion, coercion or threat in any form whatsoever.
Desiring to promote respect for an observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations and other relevant international instruments.
Have agreed as follows:
Article 1:
1: Cambodia hereby solemnly undertakes to maintain, preserve and defend its sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity and inviolability, neutrality, and national unity; the perpetual neutrality of Cambodia shall be proclaimed and enshrined in the Cambodian constitution to be adopted after free and fair elections.
2: To this end, Cambodia undertakes:
a) To refrain from any action that might impair the sovereignty, independence and territorial integrity and inviolability of other States;
b) To refrain form entering into any military alliances or other military agreements with other States that would be inconsistent with its neutrality, without prejudice to Cambodia’s right to acquire the necessary military equipment, arms, munitions and assistance to enable it to exercise its inherent right of self-defence and to maintain law and order;
c) To refrain from interference in any form whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, in the internal affairs of other States;
d) To terminate treaties and agreements which are incompatible with its sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity and inviolability, neutrality, and national unity;
e) To refrain from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any State, or in any other manner inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations.
f) To settle all disputes with other States by peaceful means;
g) To refrain from using its territory or the territories of other States to impair the sovereignty, independence, and territorial integrity and inviolability of other States;
h) To refrain from permitting the introduction or stationing of foreign forces, including military personnel, in any form whatsoever, in Cambodia, and to prevent the establishment or maintenance of foreign military bases, strong points or facilities in Cambodia, except pursuant to United Nations authorization for the implementation of the comprehensive political settlement.
Article 2:
1: The other parties tot his Agreement hereby solemnly undertake to recognize and to respect in every way the sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity and inviolability, neutrality and national unity of Cambodian.
2: To this end, they undertake:
a) To refrain from entering into any military alliances or other military agreements with Cambodia that would be inconsistent with Cambodia’s neutrality, without prejudice to Cambodia’s right to acquire the necessary military equipment, arms, munitions and assistance to enable it to exercise its inherent right of self-defence and to maintain law and order;
b) To refrain from interference in any form whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, in the internal affairs of Cambodia;
c) To refrain from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of Cambodia, or in any other manner inconsistent with the purpose of the United Nations;
d) To settle all disputes with Cambodia by peaceful means;
e) To refrain from using their territories or the territories of other States to impair the sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity and inviolability, neutrality and national unity of Cambodia;
f) To refrain from using the introduction or stationing of foreign forces, including military personnel, in any form whatsoever, in Cambodia and from establishing or maintaining military bases, strong points or facilities in Cambodia, except pursuant to United Nations authorization for the implementation of the comprehensive political settlement.
Article 3:
1: All persons in Cambodia shall enjoy the rights and freedoms embodied in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other relevant international human rights instruments.
2: To this end,
a) Cambodia undertakes:3: The United Nations Commission on Human Rights should continue to monitor closely the human rights situation in Cambodia, including, if necessary, by the appointment of a Special Reapporteur who would report his findings annually to the Commission and to the General Assembly.
b) The other parties to this Agreement undertake to promote and encourage respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms in Cambodia as embodied in the relevant international instruments in order, in particular, to prevent the recurrence of human rights abuses.
- To ensure respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms in Cambodia;
- To support the right of all Cambodian citizens to undertake activities that would promote and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms;
- To take effective measures to ensure that the policies and practices of the past shall never be allowed to return;
- To adhere to relevant international human rights instruments;
Article 4:
The parties to this Agreement call upon all other States to recognize and respect in every way the sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity and inviolability, neutrality and national unity of Cambodia and to refrain from any action inconsistent with these principles or with other provisions of this Agreement.
Article 5:
1: In the event of a violation or threat of violation of the sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity and inviolability, neutrality or national unity of Cambodia, or of any of the other commitments herein, the parties to this Agreement undertake to consult immediately with a view to adopting all appropriate steps to ensure respect for these commitments and resolving any such violations through peaceful means.
2: Such steps may include, inter alia, reference of the matter to the Security Council of the United Nations or recourse to the means for the peaceful settlement of disputes referred to in Article 33 of the Charter of the United Nations.
3: The parties to this Agreement may also call upon the assistance of the co-Chairmen of the Paris Conference on Cambodia.
4: In the event of serious violations of human rights in Cambodia, they will call upon the competent organs of the United Nations to take such other steps as are appropriate for the prevention and suppression of such violations in accordance with the relevant international instruments.
Article 6:
This Agreement shall enter into force upon signature.
Article 7:
This Agreement shall remain open for accession by all States. The instruments of accession shall be deposited with the Governments of the French Republic and the Republic of Indonesia. For each State acceding to this Agreement, it shall enter into force on the date of deposit of its instrument of its instrument of accession.
Article 8:
The original of this Agreement, of which the Chinese, English, French, Khmer and Russian texts are equally authentic, shall be deposited with the Governments of the French Republic and the Republic of Indonesia, which shall transmit certified true copies of the Governments of the other States participating in the Paris Conference on Cambodia and to the Secretary-General of the United Nations.
In witness whereof the undersigned plenipotentiaries, being duly authorized there-to, have signed this Agreement.
Done at Paris this twenty-third day of October, one thousand nine hundred and ninety-one.
5. DECLARATION ON THE REHABILITATION AND RECONSTRUCTION OF CAMBODIA
1: The primary objective of the reconstruction of Cambodia should be the advancement of the Cambodian nation and people, without discrimination or prejudice, and with full respect for human rights and fundamental freedom for all. The achievement of this objective requires the full implementation of the comprehensive political settlement.
2: The main responsibility for deciding Cambodia’s reconstruction needs and plans should rest with the Cambodian people and the government formed after free and fair elections. No attempt should be made to impose a development strategy on Cambodia from any outside source or deter potential donors from contributing to the reconstruction of Cambodia.
3: International, regional and bilateral assistance to Cambodia should be coordinated as much as possible, complement and supplement local resources and be made available impartially with full regard for Cambodia’s sovereignty, priorities, institutional means and absorptive capacity.
4: In the context of the reconstruction effort, economic aid should benefit all areas of Cambodia, especially the more disadvantaged, and reach all levels of society.
5: The implementation of an international aid effort would have to be phased in over a period that realistically acknowledges both political and technical imperatives. It would also necessitate a significant degree of cooperation between the future Cambodian Government and bilateral, regional and international contributors.
6: An important role will be played in rehabilitation and reconstruction by the United Nations system. The launching of an international reconstruction plan and an appeal for contributions should take place at an appropriate time, as so to ensure its success.
7: No effective programme of national reconstruction can be initiated without detailed assessments of Cambodia’s human, natural and other economic assets. It will be necessary for a census to be conducted, developmental priorities identified, and the availability of resources, internal and external, determined.
To this end there will be scope for sending to Cambodia fact-finding missions from the United Nations system, international financial institutions and other agencies, with the consent of the future Cambodian Government.
8: With the achievement of the comprehensive political settlement, it is now possible and desirable to initiate a process of rehabilitation, addressing immediately needs, and to lay the groundwork for the preparation of medium and long-term reconstruction plans.
9: For this period of rehabilitation, the United Nations Secretary-General is requested to help coordinate the program guided by a person appointed for this purpose.
10: In this rehabilitation phase, particular attention will need to be given to food security, health, housing, training, education, the transport network and the restoration of Cambodia’s existing basic infrastructure and public utilities.
11: The implementation of a longer-term international development plan for reconstruction should await the formation of a government following the elections and the determination and adoption of its own policies and priorities.
12: This reconstruction phase should promote Cambodian entrepreneurship and make use of the private sector, among other sectors, to help advance self-sustaining economic growth. It would also benefit from regional approaches, involving, inter alia, institutions such as the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) and the Mekong Committee, and Governments within the region; and from participation by non-governmental organizations.
13: In order to harmonize and monitor the contributions that will be made by the international community to the reconstruction of Cambodia after the formation of a government following the elections, a consultative body, to be called the International Committee on the Reconstruction of Cambodia (ICORC), should be set up at an appropriate time and be open to potential donors and other relevant parties. The United Nations Secretary-General is requested to make special arrangements for the United Nations system to support ICORC in its work, notably in ensuring a smooth transition from the rehabilitation to reconstruction phases.
